Campbell Town, Tasmania

The traditional custodians of the Campbell Town area were the Tyerrernotepanner (chera-noti-pahner) Clan of the North Midlands Nation.{{Cite book|title = Tasmanian Tribes and Cicatrices as tribal indicators among the Tasmanian Aborigines|last = Plomley|first = Brian|publisher = QVMAG|year = 1990|location = Launceston, Tasmania|pages = 24}}{{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Lyndall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78zBuSb_HIoC&pg=PA29|title=Tasmanian Aborigines: A History Since 1803|date=2012|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-74237-068-2|page=29|language=en}} The Tyerrernotepanner were a nomadic people who traversed country from the Central Plateau to the Eastern Tiers but were recorded as inhabiting "resorts" around present day Campbell Town, lagoons near present-day Cleveland and Conara and the southern banks of the South Esk River.{{Cite book|title = Midlands Aboriginal Archeological Survey|last = Kee|first = Sue|publisher = National Parks, Wildlife and Heritage Occasional Paper no 28|year = 1990|isbn = 07246-1738-8|location = Hobart, Tasmania}} The colonial name for this clan was the Stony Creek Tribe, named after a small southern tributary of the South Esk at Llewellyn.

The Tyerrernotepanner called the Campbell Town area norerytymonerler or parndokenne.{{Cite book|title = Tasmanian aboriginal place names|last = Plomley|first = Brian|publisher = QVMAG|year = 1991|location = Launceston, tasmania|pages = 48}} Their name for the hills above Campbell Town ( the Campbell Town Tier) was Lukargener Purntobebenner and the Elizabeth River was parndokennerlyerpinder.

The Tyerrernotepanner were severely depleted as a clan during the first decades of the 1800s, as colonial settlers claimed land up the South Esk and across the fertile plains of the Midlands. Clan hunting and migration was hindered by settler activity, hunting and, finally, armed aggression that culminated in massacres in the uplands and valleys around Campbell Town.{{cite web|last1=Ryan|first1=Lyndall|url=http://www.massviolence.org/list-of-multiple-killings-of-aborigines-in-tasmania-1804|website=SciencePo|access-date=22 February 2018|title=Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche|trans-title=Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network|language=fr}}

The Tyerrernotepanner were formidable opponents of settler colonisation and aggression during the Black War and were recorded as attacking settlers from the Lake River to The South Esk and Tamar River Valleys during the final phase of Aboriginal resistance in the 1820s and 1830s. The Tyerrernotepanner were led by elders such as [http://www.utas.edu.au/telling-places-in-country/historical-context/historical-biographies/memerlannelargenna Memerlannerlargenna] and Eumarrah{{cite web |last1=Michael Roe |author-link=Michael Roe (historian) |title=Eumarrah - Biography |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/eumarrah-12905|date = 2005|website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University |access-date=27 April 2019}} subjects of fearful reminiscence by settlers after the Black War.Ryan, Lyndall (2012). Tasmanian Aboriginals: A history since 1804. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=78zBuSb_HIoC&pg=PA32 p. 32]. {{ISBN|978 1 74237 068 2}}.

The last members of the Tyerrernotepanner were "conciliated" by George Augustus Robinson and, under orders from Governor Arthur, were exiled from their country to die in the squalor of Wybalenna or Oyster Cove.

File:The Grange, Campbell Town, Tasmania.jpg

The area of modern Campbell Town would have been known to colonials in Launceston (then Port Dalrymple), as the name of the river passing through was already known as Relief Creek. Lachlan Macquarie renamed it after his wife Elizabeth when passing through in 1811.{{cite book|last1=Macquarie|first1=Lachlan|title=Lachlan Macquarie Governor of NSW. Journals of his tours in NSW and VDL 1810–1822|date=1956|publisher=Trustees of the Public Library of NSW|page=65}} The site of modern Campbell Town was named by Macquarie in 1821 on his second tour of Van Diemen's Land and, continuing his habit of renaming Tasmanian landforms after his family and friends, is named for his wife's maiden name.{{cite book|last1=Macquarie|first1=Lachlan|title=Lachlan Macquarie Governor of NSW. Journals of his tours in NSW and VDL 1810–1822|date=1956|publisher=Trustees of the Public Library of NSW|page=191}}

The first settler at the site of modern Campbell town was Thomas Kenton, a constable, who erected a cottage here at some time around 1821 and by 1823 a causeway was erected over the river and an inn opened in 1824.{{cite book|last1=Stancombe|first1=G. Hawley|title=Highway in Van Diemen's Land|date=1969|publisher=Stancombe|location=Glendessary, Tasmania|page=114|edition=2nd Abridged}}

Campbell Town was established as a town in 1826 and was originally one of the four garrison towns linking Hobart and Launceston. Campbell Town had 2–3 soldiers permanently stationed – with the main headquarters at Ross. As the threat from the Aboriginal clans decreased the soldiers were replaced by convict police, who established stations in the town and in the surrounding tiers and rivers; primarily as a means of controlling or capturing escaped convicts.

The establishment and growth of Campbell Town as a police district headquarters and commercial centre paralleled the change in Van Diemen's Land agricultural economy from a peasant farming base to a more capital intensive land grant system.{{cite book|last1=Abbott|first1=G.|last2=Nairn|first2=N.|title=Economic Growth of Australia|date=1969|publisher=Melbourne University Press|location=Carlton, Vic|pages=327–328}}

By 1836, a decade after its establishment, the Campbell Town district had already established its major landholders, free settlers who had displaced both indigenous people and any smaller colonial landholders, and had established cropping and pastoral holdings with a sheep population of 180,000. By the mid 1830s Campbell Town was a garrison town with a court house, gaol, Police magistrates' house, two hotels, two inns and emancipated men running stores and mechanics' shops.{{cite journal|last1=Dillon|first1=Margaret|title=Convict labour and colonial society in the Campbell Town Police District: 1820–1839.|journal=PhD Thesis – UTas|date=April 2008}}

The growth of agriculture, housing and infrastructure was facilitated by the labour of assigned men and household labour was facilitated by both male and female convict labourers. The obverse to this "free" convict labour was the enormous paramilitary and penal infrastructure required to maintain the convict system. Gentleman farmers and retired military officers were appointed by governor Arthur as magistrates to prosecute the law on this frontier.

Campbell Town Post Office opened on 1 June 1832.{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=Tas&country= | access-date = 16 June 2012}}

Today, it acts as the only major rest area on the Midland Highway, with toilets, a park, a large car park and a range of food outlets. Campbell Town is also the retail centre for much of the southern part of the Municipality Midlands area.

File:Red Bridge - Campbell Town, Tasmania.JPG

One of Campbell Town's features is the convict-built Red Bridge, the oldest surviving brick arch bridge in Australia,{{cite web|url=https://cintec.com/reinforcement-anchoring/civil-engineering/masonry-arch-bridge-strengthening/road-bridges/|title=Road Bridges|publisher=Cintec International|accessdate=2021-08-01}} as well as the oldest bridge anywhere on the National Highway.{{cite web|url=http://www.dotars.gov.au/department/statements/1999_2000/media/ABudget4_99.aspx|title=Tasmania - Transport Spending|publisher=Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services|date=11 May 1999|accessdate=2007-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912061726/http://www.dotars.gov.au/department/statements/1999_2000/media/ABudget4_99.aspx|archivedate=2007-09-12}} The bridge and causeway were built as a part of the original main road; it was to be a part of Bell's line of Road, but this road never got past Oatlands. Construction was commenced in 1836 and completed in 1838.{{r|CINTEC}} It consists of drystone abutments and timber top, although the top has been replaced, the stone abutments are original, making this a rare example of early Australian stone work.

Campbell Town is also home to the Foxhunters Return, a colonial Georgian coaching inn which retains all its original outbuildings. Built by convicts around 1833, with the main building constructed under the direction of stonemason Hugh Keane, Foxhunters Return is described by the National Trust as "the finest and most substantial hotel building of the late colonial period in Australia." During the construction of the Red Bridge, convicts were reputed to be housed overnight in the extensive cellars beneath Foxhunters Return, which is situated on the banks of the Elizabeth River and adjacent to the Red Bridge.

Given the history of Campbell Town, there are an abundance of colonial buildings that have been well preserved. The town offers tourists a heritage walk, showcasing notable structures like the Red Bridge, Campbell Town Convict Brick Trail{{cite web |title=Convict Brick Trail |url=https://www.northernmidlands.tas.gov.au/community/news-events/monuments-memorials-and-artwork/convict-bricks-database |website=Northern Midlands Council |publisher=Northern Midlands Council, Tasmania |access-date=26 March 2021}} and Lake Leake. Valentines Park in the town's center showcases a felled hardwood log known colloquially as "The Log"{{cite web |title=Campbell Town Visitor Information Pamphlet |url=https://northernmidlands.tas.gov.au/source-assets/files/Brochures/campbelltown/47860AboutCampbelltown_HistoricHeartDL.pdf |website=Northern Midlands Council |publisher=Northern Midlands Council, Tasmania |access-date=13 September 2024}} or "Big Log". The town is also noted for the Transit of Venus, which was first observed by the US Navy in 1874.

• Harold Gatty, recipient of the US Distinguished Flying Cross, was born in Campbell Town.

File:Campbell Town, Tasmania.jpg|Heritage building in Campbell Town

Image:Campbell Town rest area.jpg|Campbell Town rest area

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Category:Localities of Northern Midlands Council

Category:1821 establishments in Australia