Campylobacter concisus

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}

{{Speciesbox

|genus=Campylobacter

|species=concisus

|authority = Tanner et al., 1981

}}

Campylobacter concisus is a Gram-negative, highly fastidious, mesophilic bacterium that grows under both anaerobic and microaerobic conditions with the presence of hydrogen significantly aiding growth.{{Cite journal|title=Examination of the Anaerobic Growth of Campylobacter concisus Strains|last=Lee|first=Hoyul|journal=International Journal of Microbiology|volume=2014|pages=476047|pmid=25214843|year=2014|doi=10.1155/2014/476047|pmc=4158115|doi-access=free}} Motile, with either unipolar or bipolar flagella, the organisms have a characteristic spiral/corkscrew appearance and are oxidase-positive.{{cite journal|last1=Tanner|first1=A. C. R.|last2=Badger|first2=S.|last3=Lai|first3=C.-H|last4=Listgarten|first4=M. A.|last5=Visconti|first5=R. A.|last6=Socransky|first6=S. S.|title=Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb. nov., and Description of Bacteroides gracilis sp. nov., Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisus sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from Humans with Periodontal Disease|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=1981|volume=31|issue=4|pages=432–45|doi=10.1099/00207713-31-4-432|doi-access=free}}{{cite book|author1=P. Vandamme|author2=F. E. Dewhirst|author3=B. J. Paster|author4=S. L. W. On|editor1-last=Garrity|editor1-first=G.|editor2-last=Krieg|editor2-first=N. R.|editor3-last=Staley|editor3-first=J. T.|editor4-last=Brenner|editor4-first=D. J.|title=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology|date=2005|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York|location=NY, USA|isbn=978-0-387-29298-4|pages=1147–1160|edition=2nd|chapter=Genus I. Campylobacter}}{{cite book | editor = Ryan KJ | editor2 = Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 378–80 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }} Although the human oral cavity is the natural colonization site of the bacterium, C. concisus may also colonize the intestinal tract of some individuals.{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Li|last2=Budiman|first2=Vanna|last3=Day|first3=Andrew S.|last4=Mitchell|first4=Hazel|last5=Lemberg|first5=Daniel A.|last6=Riordan|first6=Stephen M.|last7=Grimm|first7=Michael|last8=Leach|first8=Steven T.|last9=Ismail|first9=Yazan|date=2010-08-01|title=Isolation and detection of Campylobacter concisus from saliva of healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=48|issue=8|pages=2965–2967|doi=10.1128/JCM.02391-09|issn=1098-660X|pmc=2916630|pmid=20519479}} In particular, several studies have reported higher intestinal prevalence of C. concisus in patients with IBD compared to healthy controls,{{Cite journal|last1=Mahendran|first1=Vikneswari|last2=Riordan|first2=Stephen M.|last3=Grimm|first3=Michael C.|last4=Tran|first4=Thi Anh Tuyet|last5=Major|first5=Joelene|last6=Kaakoush|first6=Nadeem O.|last7=Mitchell|first7=Hazel|last8=Zhang|first8=Li|date=2011-09-23|title=Prevalence of Campylobacter Species in Adult Crohn's Disease and the Preferential Colonization Sites of Campylobacter Species in the Human Intestine|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=9|pages=e25417|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025417|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3179513|pmid=21966525|bibcode=2011PLoSO...625417M|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Li|last2=Man|first2=Si Ming|last3=Day|first3=Andrew S.|last4=Leach|first4=Steven T.|last5=Lemberg|first5=Daniel A.|last6=Dutt|first6=Shoma|last7=Stormon|first7=Michael|last8=Otley|first8=Anthony|last9=O'Loughlin|first9=Edward V.|date=2009-02-01|title=Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter Species Other than C. jejuni from Children with Crohn's Disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=47|issue=2|pages=453–455|doi=10.1128/jcm.01949-08|issn=0095-1137|pmid=19052183|pmc=2643684}} which has led to current speculation of the bacterium's implication in the induction of Crohn's disease.

A number of studies have defined C. concisus to be composed of two phenotypically identical, yet genomically distinct genomospecies by analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), housekeeping genes and a PCR method targeting the polymorphisms of C. concisus 23S rRNA gene.{{Cite journal|last1=Aabenhus|first1=Rune|last2=On|first2=Stephen L. W.|last3=Siemer|first3=Berit L.|last4=Permin|first4=Henrik|last5=Andersen|first5=Leif P.|date=2005-10-01|title=Delineation of Campylobacter concisus Genomospecies by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and Correlation of Results with Clinical Data|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=43|issue=10|pages=5091–5096|doi=10.1128/JCM.43.10.5091-5096.2005|issn=0095-1137|pmc=1248439|pmid=16207968}}{{Cite journal|last1=Kalischuk|first1=Lisa D.|last2=Inglis|first2=G. Douglas|date=2011-01-01|title=Comparative genotypic and pathogenic examination of Campylobacter concisusisolates from diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans|journal=BMC Microbiology|volume=11|pages=53|doi=10.1186/1471-2180-11-53|issn=1471-2180|pmc=3068073|pmid=21406111 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=William G.|last2=Chapman|first2=Mary H.|last3=Yee|first3=Emma|last4=On|first4=Stephen L. W.|last5=McNulty|first5=Desmond K.|last6=Lastovica|first6=Albert J.|last7=Carroll|first7=Anne M.|last8=McNamara|first8=Eleanor B.|last9=Duffy|first9=Geraldine|date=2012-01-01|title=Multilocus Sequence Typing Methods for the Emerging Campylobacter Species C. hyointestinalis, C. lanienae, C. sputorum, C. concisus, and C. curvus|journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology|language=English|volume=2|pages=45|doi=10.3389/fcimb.2012.00045|issn=2235-2988|pmc=3417633|pmid=22919636|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Mahendran|first1=Vikneswari|last2=Octavia|first2=Sophie|last3=Demirbas|first3=Omer Faruk|last4=Sabrina|first4=Sheryl|last5=Ma|first5=Rena|last6=Lan|first6=Ruiting|last7=Riordan|first7=Stephen M.|last8=Grimm|first8=Michael C.|last9=Zhang|first9=Li|date=2015-01-01|title=Delineation of genetic relatedness and population structure of oral and enteric Campylobacter concisus strains by analysis of housekeeping genes|journal=Microbiology|volume=161|issue=8|pages=1600–1612|doi=10.1099/mic.0.000112|pmid=26002953|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Engberg|first1=J.|last2=Bang|first2=D.D.|last3=Aabenhus|first3=R.|last4=Aarestrup|first4=F.M.|last5=Fussing|first5=V.|last6=Gerner-Smidt|first6=P.|date=2005-04-01|title=Campylobacter concisus: an evaluation of certain phenotypic and genotypic characteristics|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|language=English|volume=11|issue=4|pages=288–295|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01111.x|pmid=15760425|issn=1198-743X|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=Heung Kit Leslie|last2=Tay|first2=Alfred|last3=Octavia|first3=Sophie|last4=Chen|first4=Jieqiong|last5=Liu|first5=Fang|last6=Ma|first6=Rena|last7=Lan|first7=Ruiting|last8=Riordan|first8=Stephen M|last9=Grimm|first9=Michael C.|date=2016-12-02|title=Genome analysis of Campylobacter concisus strains from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and gastroenteritis provides new insights into pathogenicity|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=38442|doi=10.1038/srep38442|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5133609|pmid=27910936|bibcode=2016NatSR...638442C}} The two genomospecies appear to harbor different levels of enteric pathogenic potential, with oral C. concisus strains that were invasive to human epithelial cell line (Caco2) found only in Genomospecies-2 (GS2).{{Cite journal|last1=Ismail|first1=Yazan|last2=Mahendran|first2=Vikneswari|last3=Octavia|first3=Sophie|last4=Day|first4=Andrew S.|last5=Riordan|first5=Stephen M.|last6=Grimm|first6=Michael C.|last7=Lan|first7=Ruiting|last8=Lemberg|first8=Daniel|last9=Tran|first9=Thi Anh Tuyet|date=2012-05-30|title=Investigation of the Enteric Pathogenic Potential of Oral Campylobacter concisus Strains Isolated from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e38217|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038217|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3364211|pmid=22666490|bibcode=2012PLoSO...738217I|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Mahendran|first1=Vikneswari|last2=Liu|first2=Fang|last3=Riordan|first3=Stephen M.|last4=Grimm|first4=Michael C.|last5=Tanaka|first5=Mark M.|last6=Zhang|first6=Li|date=2016-01-01|title=Examination of the effects of Campylobacter concisus zonula occludens toxin on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages|journal=Gut Pathogens|volume=8|pages=18|doi=10.1186/s13099-016-0101-9|issn=1757-4749|pmc=4870807|pmid=27195022 |doi-access=free }}

Recently, a C. concisus molecular marker csep1, particularly the csep1 gene with a six-nucleotide insertion (csep1-6bpi) was found to be associated with active Crohn's disease, and pSma1 plasmid was found to be associated with severe ulcerative colitis.{{cite journal|last1=Fang|first1=Liu|last2=Rena|first2=Ma|last3=Chin Yen Alfred|first3=Tay|last4=Sophie|first4=Octavia|last5=Ruiting|first5=Lan|last6=Heung Kit Leslie|first6=Chung|last7=Stephen M|first7=Riordan|last8=Michael C|first8=Grimm|last9=Rupert W|first9=Leong|last10=Mark M|first10=Tanaka|title=Genomic analysis of oral Campylobacter concisus strains identified a potential bacterial molecular marker associated with active Crohn's disease|journal=Emerg Microbes Infect|volume=7|issue=1|pages=64|doi=10.1038/s41426-018-0065-6|pmid=29636463|pmc=5893538|year=2018}}{{cite journal|last1=Fang|first1=Liu|last2=Siying|first2=Chen|last3=Laurence Don Wai|first3=Luu|last4=Seul A|first4=Lee|last5=Alfred Chin Yen|first5=Tay|last6=Ruochen|first6=Wu|last7=Stephen M|first7=Riordan|last8=Ruiting|first8=Lan|last9=Lu|first9=Liu|last10=Li|first10=Zhang|title=Analysis of complete Campylobacter concisus genomes identifies genomospecies features, secretion systems and novel plasmids and their association with severe ulcerative colitis|journal=Microbial Genomics|volume=6|issue=11|doi=10.1099/mgen.0.000457|pmid= 33111662|year=2020|pmc=7725323|doi-access=free}} The csep1 gene can be located in either the pICON plasmid or the chromosome.