Canal inclined plane

Image:Arzviller plan incline 01.jpg with a caisson]]

Image:Oberländischer Kanal3.jpg with a cradle]]

An inclined plane is a type of cable railway used on some canals for raising boats between different water levels. Boats may be conveyed afloat, in caissons, or may be carried in cradles or slings.

History

Inclined planes have evolved over the centuries. Some of the first were used by the Egyptians to bypass waterfalls on the Nile. These consisted of wooden slides covered with silt which reduced friction.{{cite book |title=Foxton Locks and Inclined Plane A Detailed History|year=1988 |publisher=Department of Planning and Transportation, Leicestershire County Council | isbn=0-85022-191-9|pages=3}}

=Timeline=

600BC – The Diolkos, an early Greek inclined plane, was in use.{{cite book|title=Canal Inclines and Lifts|author=David Tew}}
385AD – Inclined planes were in use on the Grand Canal in China.
1167 – Nieuwedamme overtoom (a simple type of incline) was built at Ypres.
1568 – Wagon of Zafosina in use near Venice.
1777 – 3 inclined planes or 'dry wherries' began operation on Dukart's Canal, near Coalisland, in the south-east of County Tyrone in Ulster.Hadfield's British Canals eighth edition Joseph Boughey Page 49 {{ISBN|0-7509-0017-2}}
1788 – An inclined plane was built by William Reynolds and used, for the first time in England, to raise canal boats on England's Ketley Canal.

{{cite book| isbn = 978-2-87223-006-8|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hv48DrHv_l4C&q=%22Ship+lifts%22+China|title= Ship lifts: report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent ...| publisher= PIANC| year= 1989|access-date=2011-12-14|author= Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses.}}{{cite news|url=http://home.eznet.net/~dminor/Canals.html|title=A CANAL CHRONOLOGY|publisher=EZnet|date=July 1996|access-date=2011-12-16|quote=1788 -- An inclined plane is used for the first time to raise canal boats, on England's Ketley Canal.|author=David Minor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204093137/http://home.eznet.net/~dminor/Canals.html|archive-date=2012-02-04}}

1792 – William Reynolds of Ketley Ironworks constructed several inclined planes on the Shropshire Canal.{{cite news |url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/dickinson/chapter3.html|title=Robert Fulton: Engineer and Artist |publisher=London Publishing|year=1913|access-date=2011-12-16|author=H. W. Dickinson|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112103948/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/dickinson/chapter3.html|archive-date=2011-01-12}}
1792–1921 – In 1792 the Shropshire Tub Canals were built incorporating a number of inclined planes. One of these, the Trench plane closed in 1921 and brought to an end boat-carrying inclined planes in Britain
1797–1822 – At Worsley Navigable Levels, a coal mine operation in Greater Manchester, England, an underground incline started in 1795 was completed in 1797.{{cite book|title=Canal Lifts and Inclines of the World|author=Hans-Joachim Uhlemann}}
1800 – Francis Henry Egerton (1756-1829), who became The 8th Earl of Bridgewater in 1823, wrote 'The Description of the Inclined Plane at Walkden Moor. (Lancashire){{Cite web |url=http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/text/jrrin13.html |title=JRRI Newsletter Winter 1996/97 |date=30 May 1997 |website= |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970530102627/http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/text/jrrin13.html |archive-date=30 May 1997 |url-status=dead}}
1806–1828 Two inclined planes built on the Stollen Canal at Gliwice, Upper Silesia.

File:Morris Canal Plane 7 West from HAER (cropped).tiff, showing flume, powerhouse, cabling, and track. The cradle can be seen at bottom in the canal. Note how the return cable is on wooden stands with pulleys.]]

1831–1924 – Between 1825 and 1831, 23 inclines were built as part of the Morris Canal, New Jersey, USA. This waterway, {{convert|100|mi|km}} long, connected the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, rising more than {{convert|1400|ft|m}}. In 1832, Frances Trollope, publishes in "Domestic Manners of the Americans" her account of a visit the previous year to see one of the inclined planes of the Morris Canal. In 1924 the canal was abandoned and later dismantled. The Morris Canal's design was reused for the planes on the Elbląg Canal.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bartleby.com/81/18586.html|title=Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Trollope, Mrs. Frances|website=Bartleby.com|access-date=8 April 2022}}{{cite web|url=http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnjmc.Html|title=Railroad Extra, the Morris Canal and its Inclined Planes|website=Catskillarchive.com|access-date=2014-02-06}} (see below)
1837–1865 – The extension to the Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal, Wales opened in 1837, including two counterbalanced inclined planes and one single-track one.{{cite book|author=Raymond Bowen|title=The Burry Port and Gwendreath Valley Railway and its Antecedent Canals|year=2001|publisher=Oakwood Press|isbn=0-85361-577-2}}
1849–1942 – Inclined plane built on the Monkland Canal near Blackhill, Scotland to supplement existing locks.
1860–present – The first four inclined planes of the Elbląg Canal in Germany (East Prussia), nowadays Poland, were opened in 1860. A fifth incline was added later to replace five wooden locks. This canal reused the design from the Morris Canal for its inclined planes.

File:Foxton Inclined Plane from top.JPG, which is no longer in use]]

1900–1926 – Foxton Inclined Plane was built in England to help overcome shortcomings of the Foxton locks on the Grand Union Canal. Mothballed in 1911 and seeing only occasional use and dismantled in 1926.
1969–present – In 1969 the Saint-Louis-Arzviller inclined plane replaced a ladder of seventeen locks over a distance of four kilometers on the Marne–Rhine Canal in France.

Other examples

=With caissons=

The electric inclined plane at the Krasnoyarsk Dam in Divnogorsk, Russia{{cite web |url=http://www.e-river.ru/gallery/shipelevator/gal-01/|title=Прохождение судами Енисейского пароходства судоподъемника Красноярской ГЭС - Фотогалерея}} (Boats of the Yenisei Shipping Company traveling via the ship lift of the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Station: Photo gallery) {{in lang|ru}}, E-river.ru[http://englishrussia.com/index.php/2007/12/07/from-river-to-river/ From River to River - photo gallery], Englishrussia.com, 2007 The ship capacity is up to 1500 tons{{which|date=October 2017}}, maximum ship size is {{convert|80|×|17|×|2|m}} and elevation is {{convert|104|m|ft}}. This is an electric rack railway. The track gauge of the railway is {{RailGauge|9000 mm}}, making it the widest gauge railway of any type in the world.{{Cite web |url=http://www.socialphy.com/posts/computers-technology/8637/Boat-lift-Krasnoyarsk-hydroelectric-power-station-on-the-Yen.html |title=Boat lift Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station on the Yen - Socialphy |access-date=2017-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073134/http://www.socialphy.com/posts/computers-technology/8637/Boat-lift-Krasnoyarsk-hydroelectric-power-station-on-the-Yen.html |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=dead }}

=Without caissons=

Morris Canal, Northern New Jersey{{Cite web|url=http://www.canalsocietynj.org/mcdata.htm|title=Locks and Planes of the Morris Canal|website=Canalsocietynj.org|access-date=8 April 2022}}

Image:Ronquières JPG01.jpg|Ronquières inclined plane

File:Ru200107240021.jpg|The Krasnoyarsk Dam's inclined plane, an electric rack railway

File:Dahme-Umflutkanal-06-VI-2007-313.jpg|Inclined plane on Dahme Flood Relief Canal, showing the cradle at rest

File:Oberländischer Kanal2.jpg|Inclined plane on the Elbląg Canal, showing a vessel entering the cradle

File:Canal Tender at Plane 7 East on Morris Canal from HABS.png|Plane tender at inclined plane 7 East (in background) on the Morris Canal

References

External links

[http://www.nps.gov/choh/History/Structures/InclinePlane.html Article on the C & O incline plane]
[http://chris_breeze.tripod.com/photos4/inclined_plane1.htm Photo of St Louis-Arzviller inclined plane], Canal de La Marne au Rhin, Alsace-Lorraine, France
[http://chris_breeze.tripod.com/photos4/inclined_plane2.htm Second photo of St Louis-Arzviller inclined plane]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080611115140/http://services-techniques.met.wallonie.be/en/waterways/the_inclined_plane_of_ron/ The inclined plane of Ronquières] (official site)
[https://web.archive.org/web/20061012022027/http://www.westvalecanal.org.uk/other/ronquieres/ronquieres.htm Ronquières Inclined Plane]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050409222101/http://users.skynet.be/p.woinin/Ronqstre.htm Photos of Ronquières inclined plane]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310225124/http://www.e-river.ru/gallery/view.php?id=1413&p=1 Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam boat lift] — photograph gallery showing all stages of ship elevation
[http://www.hows.org.uk/personal/rail/ Funicular railways of the UK] – Mainly concerning Funiculars but with a good section on canal inclined planes
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210104302/http://karigro.mediazoo.net/peperstraat/Overtoom%20en%20Rad%20elders.htm Overtoom] – Dutch Overtoom page
[http://www.poldersporen.nl/overhaal/avenhorn.html Avenhorn Overhaal]

Category:Railway inclines

Category:Vertical transport devices