Cancer (astrology)#Background

{{see also|History of astrology}}

Cancer is the fourth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere Those who are born from approximately June 22 to July 22 (depending upon the year) are born under Cancer.{{cite web|title=Cancer|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/92226/Cancer|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=February 26, 2021|date=2021}} Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called "Cancerians".{{cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/cancer|title=Cancer: Meaning of Cancer|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200427224730/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cancer|archive-date=April 27, 2020|access-date=April 28, 2020}} Cancer is a northern sign, and its opposite sign is Capricorn.{{harvnb|Lilly|1835|pages=14, 60}}{{Sfn|Simmonite|1896|p=17}} Cancer is a cardinal sign.

Water is the element associated with Cancer,{{sfn|Cheney|2007|p=54}} and, alongside Scorpio and Pisces, it forms the water trigon.{{harvnb|Allen|1899|p=107}} The water trigon is one of four elemental trigons in the zodiac, with the other three being fire, earth, and air.{{sfn|Harkness|1999|p=70}} When a trigon is influential, it is said to affect changes on earth.{{sfn|Harkness|1999|p=70}} Cancer is said to be the house of Neptune and the exaltation of Jupiter, both astronomical bodies over those born under Cancer.{{harvnb|Smith|1828|p=64}} Its ruling planet is the Moon.{{sfn|Cheney|2007|pages=54–55}} Due to the negative associations of the word "Cancer" with the disease of the same name, some astrologers refer to persons born under this sign as "moon children".{{sfn|Merriam|1991|p=83}}{{sfn|Algeo|Butcher|2014|p=238}}

Divine associations with Cancer in Renaissance astrology are Luna/Diana, both goddesses that represent the Moon, Cancer's ruling planet.{{sfn|Cheney|2007|p=54}}

In Hindu astrology, the sign of Cancer is named Karka and its ruler is Moon.{{Sfn|Charak|1996|p=12}}

"Cancer" is an ancient word of Indo-European origin, derived from a root meaning "to scratch."{{cite web|work=The Index of Medieval Art|publisher=Princeton University|date=June 21, 2016|title=June's Zodiac Sign and "Lobster-Like" Crabs|author=Savage, Jessica|url=https://ima.princeton.edu/2016/06/21/junes-zodiac-sign-lobster-like-crabs/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200427233542/https://ima.princeton.edu/2016/06/21/junes-zodiac-sign-lobster-like-crabs/|archive-date=April 27, 2020|access-date=April 28, 2020|url-status=live}} In ancient Egypt, the sign of Cancer was conceived as a scarab beetle, while in Mesopotamia it was represented by a turtle. In each case, the animal representative of the sign was perceived as "pushing" the sun across the heavens, initiating the summer solstice.

Latin {{Lang|la|cancer}} is the generic word for 'crab'. According to Greek myth, the symbol of Cancer—often a crab, though sometimes a lobster—is based on the Karkinos (Greek: "Cancer"), a crab crushed under the foot of Heracles, and whose remains were placed in the sky by Hera, forming the Cancer constellation. In Roman variations of the story, it is Juno—Hera's counterpart in Roman mythology—who places the crab in the sky.{{sfn|Allen|1899|p=107}} Naturalist Richard Hinckley Allen, in 1899, deemed Cancer the "most inconspicuous figure in the zodiac," adding that its mythology "apologizes for its being there by the story that when the Crab was crushed by Hercules, for pinching his toes during a contest with the Hydra in the Marsh of Lerna, Juno exalted it to the sky."{{sfn|Allen|1899|p=107}}

During the Middle Ages, the zodiacal symbol of Cancer was included in devotional books and incorporated into monumental sculptures. The depiction of Cancer as a crab is most prevalent in Mediterranean and Western European art.

In Dante Alighieri's Paradiso, he makes reference to Cancer, writing:

{{blockquote|text=Thereafterward a light among them brightened,
So that, if Cancer one such crystal had,
Winter would have a month of one sole day.|sign=Dante Alighieri, Paradiso{{Sfn|Allen|1899|p=109}}}}

Cancer is figured in Giovanni Maria Falconetto's 1517 painting, Cancer, as the guardian of the city of Verona.{{Sfn|Battistini|2007|p=47}} The Cancer symbol is also depicted in Agostino di Duccio's sculpture View of Rimini Under the Sign of Cancer (1450).{{Sfn|Battistini|2007|p=46}} In Giorgio Vasari's fresco, the Chamber of Fortune, Cancer is represented in the northern compartment of the ceiling, pictured by Diana, holding the moon, along with a crab.{{sfn|Cheney|2007|p=50}}

{{Gallery

|title=Cultural and historical depictions of Cancer

|width=165 | height=160

|align=left

|File:Supplément turc. 242, fol. 14v - Osman, Cancer 1582 crop.png|Supplément turc. 242, fol. 14v - Osman, Cancer c. 1582

|File:Book of Wonders folio 7b.jpg|In the 14th c. Arabic manuscript, Book of Wonders

|File:De Grey Hours f.6.r Cancer.jpg|In Llyfr Llyfr Oriau 'De Grey (De Grey Hours), c. 1390

|File:Jordaens - Cancer.jpg|In Jacob Jordaens's Les Signes du Zodiaque, c. 1640

|File:Abbaye St Philibert à Tournus - Mosaïque du déambulatoire (1).jpg|Mosaic in the Saint-Philibert de Tournus, Saône-et-Loire, France

|File:Synagoga Kupa - znaki zodiaku 09.JPG|Mural in the Kupa Synagogue, Kraków, Poland}}{{Clear}}

{{div col}}

• Astronomical symbols
• Chinese zodiac
• Circle of stars
• Cusp (astrology)
• Elements of the zodiac
• Water (classical element)

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{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

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• {{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Richard Hinckley|title=The Star-Names and Their Meanings|year=1899|publisher=G.E. Stechert|location=New York City, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5xQuAAAAIAAJ}}
• {{citation|publisher = US Naval Observatory | author = Astronomical Applications Department | title = Multiyear Computer Interactive Almanac | location = Washington DC | year = 2011 | version = 2.2.2. | mode = cs1 }} Longitude of Sun, apparent geocentric ecliptic of date, interpolated to find time of crossing 0°, 30°....
• {{cite book|first=Matilde|last=Battistini|year=2007|title=Astrology, Magic, and Alchemy in Art (A Guide to Imagery) |publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|isbn=978-0-892-36907-2}}
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• {{cite book|last1=Cheney|first1=Liana|author-link = Liana Cheney|year=2007|title=Giorgio Vasari's Teachers: Sacred & Profane Art|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York City, New York|isbn= 978-0-820-48813-4}}
• {{cite book|last1=Harkness|first1=Deborah E.|title=John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku3DHWvg4hwC&q=watery+trigon+astrology|isbn=978-0-521-62228-8}}
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• {{cite book|last1=Shoemaker|first1=Mrs. Mabel (McGeorge)|title=Astrology|date=1904|publisher=Penn Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgMoAAAAYAAJ&q=cancer| location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania }}
• {{cite book|title=Horary Astrology: The Key To Scientific Prediction, Being The Prognostic Astronomer|first=William Joseph|last=Simmonite|year=2015|orig-year=1896|publisher=Andesite Press [Harvard College Library]|isbn= 978-1-296-83282-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_u3xQc3dEC&q=Horary+Astrology%3A+The+Key+to+Scientific+Prediction%2C+Being+the+Prognostic|ref={{SfnRef|Simmonite|1896}}}}
• {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Cross|title=A Manual of Astrology, by Raphael|year=1828|publisher=Oxford University|location=Oxford, England|url=https://archive.org/details/amanualastrolog00smitgoog}}
• {{cite book|last1=Spiller|first1=Jan|last2=McCoy|first2=Karen|year=1988|title=Spiritual Astrology: A Path to Divine Awakening|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York City, New York|isbn= 978-1-439-12420-8}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Cancer (astrology)}}

• {{Wiktionary-inline|Cancer#English|Cancer}}
• {{Commons category-inline|Cancer (astrology)|Cancer}}
• [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017062 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 360 medieval and early modern images of Cancer)]

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