Cannabis in Brazil
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File:Marcha da Maconha (Brasilia 2013).jpg
File:Marijuana march Rio de Janeiro 2014 May 10 Brazil marcha maconha.jpg
Cannabis in Brazil is illegal but decriminalized, while possession and cultivation of personal amounts and for private use were de-penalized in 2006. {{cite book |author=Professor Anita Kalunta-Crumpton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlsdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |title=Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control: An International Perspective |date=28 June 2015 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4724-2214-9 |pages=242–}} In 2024, Brazil's Supreme Court ruled that Brazilians can possess and transport up to 40 grams of cannabis for their own consumption. However, the sale continues to be considered a crime.{{Cite news |last=Nicas |first=Jack |last2=Ionova |first2=Ana |date=2024-06-26 |title=Brazil Becomes the Largest Nation to Decriminalize Marijuana |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/26/world/americas/brazil-marijuana-decriminalize-weed.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626201524/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/26/world/americas/brazil-marijuana-decriminalize-weed.html |archive-date=2024-06-26 |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Use of cannabis medications is allowed for terminally ill patients or those who have exhausted other treatment options. It is also possible to import, manufacture and sell cannabis-based medicines.{{Cite web |title=Cannabis law and legislation in Brazil {{!}} CMS Expert Guides |url=https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/cms-expert-guide-to-a-legal-roadmap-to-cannabis/brazil |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=cms.law |language=en}}
History
Cannabis was introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese colonists in the early 1800s. Their intent may have been to cultivate hemp fiber, but the slaves the Portuguese trafficked from Africa were familiar with cannabis and used it psychoactively, leading the Municipal Council of Rio de Janeiro in 1830 to prohibit bringing cannabis into the city, and punishing its use by any slave.{{cite book|author1=Robert Clarke|author2=Mark Merlin|title=Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA182|date=1 September 2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95457-1|pages=182–}}
Medical cannabis
Since 2015, cannabis medications greater than 0.2% THC can be prescribed for terminally ill patients or those who have exhausted other treatment options. Initially these medications could only be imported with special authorization from Anvisa, but in 2019 the rules were relaxed to allow pharmacy sales. Products less than 0.2% THC can be prescribed with less restriction.{{cite news |last1=Ponieman |first1=Natan |title=Brazil Regulates Sale Of Medical Marijuana Products |url=https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/12/14924387/brazil-regulates-sale-of-medical-marijuana-products |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=Benzinga |date=3 December 2019}}{{cite news |date=3 December 2019 |title=Brazil approves sale of medical cannabis in pharmacies |publisher=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191203-brazil-approves-sale-of-medical-cannabis-in-pharmacies |access-date=9 December 2019}}
In January 2017 Brazil issued its first license for a cannabis-based medicine, allowing sales of Mevatyl oral spray (internationally known as Sativex).{{cite news|last=Federowski |first=Bruno |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-cannabis-idUSKBN1502AN |title=Brazil issues first license for sale of a cannabis-based drug |publisher=Reuters |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=11 February 2017}}
In March 2020, the State of Pernambuco issued the first national license for the homemade planting of marijuana for medicinal purposes.{{cite web|author=Diário de Pernambuco |url=https://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/noticia/vidaurbana/2020/03/defensoria-consegue-primeira-autorizacao-definitiva-para-plantio-de-ma.html |title=Defensoria consegue primeira autorização definitiva para plantio de maconha em PE |publisher=Diário de Pernambuco |date=2020-03-27 |access-date=2020-03-27}}
Enforcement
Since 2006, public use of cannabis entails a warning, community service and education on the effects of drug use. The same measures apply to public use of any illegal drug. However, there are reports{{Failed verification|date=January 2023|reason="Reports" (plural) needs a plural amount of reports to substantiate it; this source documents one report.}} of municipal guards applying extrajudicial punishment to civilian use of cannabis.{{cite news |last=Rezende |first=Graziela |date=5 March 2015 |title=Polícia analisa vídeo de adolescentes obrigados a comer maconha em MS (in portuguese) |language=pt |trans-title=Police analyze video of teenagers forced to eat marijuana in MS |publisher=G1 |url=http://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2015/03/policia-analisa-video-de-adolescentes-obrigados-comer-maconha-em-ms.html}}
Selling, transportation, and trafficking of drugs are considered criminal acts and are punished with 5 to 15 years in prison and a significant fine.{{citation |url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Lei/L11343.htm |title = Law 11.343 |publisher = planalto.gov.br }}
In June 2024, the Supreme Federal Court decriminalized the possession of up to {{cvt|40|g|abbr=on}} or up to 6 female plants. In practice, the Article 28 of the Drugs Law (Law no. 11343/2006) was ruled unconstitutional, converting penalties of prosecution and prison into an administrative offense.{{cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2024/06/26/supremo-define-quantidade-de-maconha-para-diferenciar-usuario-e-traficante.htm|title=Supremo define 40 gramas de maconha para diferenciar usuário de traficante|website=UOL Notícias|language=pt-br|first=Mateus|last=Coutinho|date=26 June 2024|accessdate=27 June 2024}}{{cite web|url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2024/06/25/saiba-o-que-muda-com-a-descriminalizacao-do-uso-de-maconha-pelo-stf|title=Saiba o que muda com a descriminalização do uso de maconha pelo STF|website=Brasil de Fato|language=pt-br|first=Leonardo|last=Fernandes|date=25 June 2024|accessdate=27 June 2024}}