Canons of Edgar

The Canons of Edgar are a set of early eleventh-century ecclesiastical regulations produced in Anglo-Saxon England by Wulfstan, Archbishop of York.{{sfn|Fowler|1972|p=v}} They were in fact not written by King Edgar; but his good governance was inspirational for Wulfstan, and thus "they hark[ed] back to better times."{{cite book|pages=681-682|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSCPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA682&dq=%22Canons+of+Edgar%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0|title=Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia|year=2013|isbn=9781136775185|format=ebook|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Richard K.|last= Emmerson|access-date=6 April 2025}} "The comparative success of King Edgar's reign" was a reason for Wulfstan to use the past laws for his canon laws in the early 11th century.{{cite book|page=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEOxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=%22Canons+of+Edgar%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0|title=Remembering the Medieval Present: Generative Uses of England’s Pre-Conquest Past, 10th to 15th Centuries|year=2019|isbn=9789004408333|format= ebook|publisher= Brill|first1= Brian T. |last1=O'Camb|first2=Jay Paul |last2=Gates|access-date=6 April 2025}}

According to Roger Fowler, the Canons of Edgar "was central in Wulfstan's programme of reform; it also demonstrates better than any other of his works the deliberateness with which he familiarized himself with the best canonical writings to provide a basis of accepted authority for [these] reforms."{{sfn|Fowler|1972|p=xlvi}}

The Canons of Edgar have been called "a synthesis of church doctrine on pastoral care and clerical behaviour for use by parish priests."{{cite book|pages=86-100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXMCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=%22Canons+of+Edgar%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0|title=The Political Writings of Archbishop Wulfstan of York|year=2016|isbn=9781847799678|format= ebook|publisher= Manchester University |first1=Andrew |last1=Rabin|first2=Rosemary |last2=Horrox|first3=Simon |last3=Maclean|access-date=6 April 2025}} In the broader context, "it provides perhaps Wulfstan's most detailed account of the Church's role in English society." Proof of its importance is shown by the many revisions to it made by Wulfstan from 1004 to c. 1018.

Sources

Wulfstan's sources included the writings of Aelfric, Theodulf of Orleans, Amalarius of Metz, and Pope Leo IV, as well as the Canons of Chalcedon.{{cite book|pages=145-146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpIY9UoYZoEC&pg=RA1-PA146&dq=%22Canons+of+Edgar%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0|title=Notes on the Canons of the First Four General Councils|first=William |last=Bright|year=1882|publisher=Clarendon Press|access-date=6 April 2025}}

Specific content and canons

The canons primarily dealt with "instruction on proper conduct and training for secular clergy and detailed instructions on their duties, including how to conduct the mass." They dealt with varied issues concerning "pastoral care and clerical behaviour [of] parish priests."

Canons 1 and 2 concern general behaviour of respect for priests to each other, while Canons 3 and 4 concern a priest's duties to prepare for a synod.

The 8th Canon forbade priests to abandon their parish; it was based upon Canon V of the Canons of Chalcedon.

Canons 17 through 25 include but also go beyond priests, to deal with every Christian man's obligations. Canons 26 through 28, and 58, 59, and 66, are admonitions that priests act soberly. Canons 29 to 43 are specific rules about the order and holiness of the Mass. Canon 44 forbade women from serving at the altar. Canons 55 through 57 concerned the procedures for alms. Canons 60 through 64 regulated oaths and testimony by priests.

Manuscripts

One version of the Canons — labelled version "D" — can be found in an eleventh-century manuscript, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge MS. 201, where it has been copied out by hand on pages 97 to 101.{{sfn|Fowler|1972|p=xi}}

Wulfstan's writing style in Latin is known for a complex rhyming scheme, which is evident in this and other manuscripts.

Editions and translations

{{Cite book|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/view/action/nmets.do?DOCCHOICE=13760904.xml&dvs=1624443906236~18&locale=fr&search_terms=&show_metadata=true&adjacency=&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/nmets.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=7&divType=&usePid1=true&usePid2=true|title=Ancient laws and institutes of England|year=1840|editor-last=Thorpe|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-link=Benjamin Thorpe|pages=395–402|chapter=Canons enacted under King Edgar.|via=Biblioteca europea di informazione e cultura}}
Fowler, Roger (1972). Wulfstan's Canons of Edgar. London: Oxford University Press.
Translation: Andrew Rabin, The Political Writings of Archbishop Wulfstan of York (Manchester, 2015), pp. 85-100.

References

{{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Roger |title=Wulfstan's Canons of Edgar |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |year=1972 }}

Category:Old English literature

Category:Canon law codifications

Category:Catholic Church