Cantharellus cibarius
{{short description|Species of fungus}}
{{for|other fungi that share the common name golden chanterelle|Golden chanterelle}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Speciesbox
|image=Chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius.jpg
|genus=Cantharellus
|species=cibarius
|authority=Fr. (1821)
|synonyms=
{{collapsible list|bullets=true
|title=Species synonymy{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=200345 |title=Cantharellus cibarius Fr. 1821 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank }}
|Agaricus cantharellus L. (1753)
|Merulius cantharellus (L.) Scop. (1772)
|Cantharellus vulgaris Gray (1821)
|Merulius cibarius (Fr.) Westend. (1857)
|Cantharellus rufipes Gillet (1878)
|Cantharellus cibarius var. amethysteus Quél. (1883)
|Cantharellus cibarius var. rufipes (Gillet) Cooke (1883)
|Cantharellus amethysteus (Quél.) Sacc. (1887)
|Craterellus amethysteus (Quél.) Quél. (1888)
|Craterellus cibarius (Fr.) Quél. (1888)
|Merulius amethysteus (Quél.) Kuntze (1891)
|Alectorolophoides cibarius (Fr.) Earle (1909)
|Chanterel cantharellus (L.) Murrill (1910)
|Cantharellus edulis Sacc. (1916)
|Cantharellus pallens Pilát (1959)
|Cantharellus cibarius var. amethysteus (Quél.) Cetto (1987)
}}
}}
{{mycomorphbox
|name=Cantharellus cibarius
|whichGills=decurrent
|capShape=infundibuliform
|hymeniumType=ridges
|stipeCharacter=bare
|ecologicalType=mycorrhizal
|sporePrintColor=yellow
|sporePrintColor2=cream
|howEdible=choice
}}
{{stack end}}
Cantharellus cibarius (Latin: cantharellus, "chanterelle"; cibarius, "culinary"){{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cibarius|title=cibarius - Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org|access-date=2019-08-31}} is the golden chanterelle, the type species of the chanterelle genus Cantharellus. It is also known as girolle (or girole).{{cite web |title=Cantharellus cibarius Fr. - Chanterelle |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/cantharellus-cibarius.php |publisher=First Nature |access-date=27 January 2020 |date=2020}}{{cite web|url=https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/golden-chanterelle-girolle|title=Golden chanterelle (girolle)|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|date=2020|access-date=27 January 2020}}
Despite its characteristic features, C. cibarius can be confused with species such as the poisonous Omphalotus illudens. The golden chanterelle is a commonly consumed and choice edible species.
Taxonomy
At one time, all yellow or golden chanterelles in North America had been classified as Cantharellus cibarius. Using DNA analysis, they have since been shown to be a group of related species known as the Cantharellus cibarius group or species complex, with C. cibarius sensu stricto restricted to Europe. In 1997, C. formosus (the Pacific golden chanterelle) and C. cibarius var. roseocanus were identified,{{cite journal |last1=Redhead |first1=S.A. |last2=Norvell |first2=L.L. |last3=Danell |first3=E. |year=1997 |title=Cantharellus formosus and the Pacific Golden Chanterelle harvest in Western North America |periodical=Mycotaxon |volume=65 |pages=285–322 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0065/0285.htm}} followed by C. cascadensis in 2003{{cite journal |author1=Dunham, S.M. |author2=O'Dell, T.E. |author3=Molina, R. |year=2003 |title=Analysis of nrDNA sequences and microsatellite allele frequencies reveals a cryptic chanterelle species Cantharellus cascadensis sp. nov. from the American Pacific Northwest |periodical=Mycological Research |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=1163–77 |doi=10.1017/s0953756203008475 |pmid=14635765}} and C. californicus in 2008.{{cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=D. |last2=Dunham |first2=S.M. |year=2008 |url=http://www.davidarora.com/uploads/arora_dunham_chanterelles.pdf |title=A new, commercially valuable chanterelle species, Cantharellus californicus sp. nov., associated with live oak in California, USA |periodical=Economic Botany |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=376–91 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9042-7 |s2cid=19220345 |access-date=2018-09-01 |archive-date=2018-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222203750/http://www.davidarora.com/uploads/arora_dunham_chanterelles.pdf |url-status=dead }} In 2018, an Asian species belonging to the C. cibarius complex has been described and sequenced, C. anzutake, recorded in Japan and Korea.{{Cite journal |last1=Buyck |first1=Bart |last2=Hofstetter |first2=Valérie |last3=Ryoo |first3=Rhim |last4=Ka |first4=Kang-Hyeon |last5=Antonín |first5=Vladimír |date=2020-12-22 |title=New Cantharellus species from South Korea |journal=MycoKeys |language=en |volume=76 |pages=31–47 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.76.58179 |issn=1314-4049 |pmc=7772287 |pmid=33384572 |doi-access=free }}
Description
The mushroom is easy to detect and recognize in nature. The body is {{convert|3|-|10|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=off}} wide and {{convert|5|-|10|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} tall. The color varies from yellow to dark yellow.{{cite web |author1=Dyson Forbes |date=13 April 2017 |title=Learn about chanterelle mushrooms |url=http://wildfoods.ca/blog/chanterelles/ |access-date=27 January 2020 |publisher=Forbes Wild Foods}} Red spots will appear on the cap of the mushroom if it is damaged.{{Cite web |title=Cantharellus 'cibarius' |url=https://www.mushroomexpert.com/cantharellus_cibarius.html |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=MushroomExpert.Com}} Chanterelles have a faint aroma and flavor of apricots.
= Similar species =
The species can resemble the dangerously poisonous Omphalotus illudens (eastern jack-o'lantern){{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |publisher=Firefly Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |location=Buffalo, NY |page=248}} and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (the false chanterelle).
Distribution and habitat
The species grows in Europe from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Basin, mainly in deciduous and coniferous forests and typically from June to December.{{Cite book |last=Francis-Baker |first=Tiffany |title=Concise Foraging Guide |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 |series=The Wildlife Trusts |location=London |pages=110}}
Uses
A commonly eaten and favored mushroom, the chanterelle is typically harvested from late summer to late fall in its European distribution.
Chanterelles are used in many culinary dishes, and can be preserved by either drying or freezing. The use of an oven for drying is not recommended because it can make the mushroom bitter.
References
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