Capital punishment in Florida#Legal process

File:Ted Bundy headshot.jpg, executed in 1989]]

Prior to 1923, executions in Florida were carried out by county governments, usually by hanging. In 1923, the Florida Legislature made electrocution the official method of execution. The new electric chair was originally housed at Union Correctional Institution, but moved to Florida State Prison in 1962.{{Cite book |last1=Philcox |first1=Phil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAHQNdpUHWcC&dq=Florida+%22electric+chair%22&pg=PA221 |title=Sunshine State Almanac and Book of Florida-related Stuff |last2=Boe |first2=Beverly |date=1999 |publisher=Pineapple Press Inc |isbn=978-1-56164-178-9 |language=en}}

The first electrocution was of Frank Johnson on October 7, 1924. The new electrocution law was challenged by the circuit court of Union County in June 1929 on the grounds that, as he was neither elected or appointed, the prison superintendent could not perform executions; the state supreme court upheld the law, however, in November 1930.{{Cite news |date=November 13, 1930 |title=Death Chair Law Upheld By Court |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sxPAAAAIBAJ&dq=nathan+burton+t.+southworth&pg=PA1&article_id=1350,517040 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |work=The Evening Independent |pages=1}} Florida performed its last pre-Furman execution on May 12, 1964. After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all states' death penalty procedures in Furman v. Georgia (1972), essentially ruling the imposition of the death penalty at the same time as a guilty verdict unconstitutional, Florida was the first state to draft a newly written statute on August 12, 1972,{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523143211/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state/ |archive-date=May 23, 2015 |df=mdy }} and all 96 death row inmates (95 male and 1 female) were commuted to life in prison.

After the Supreme Court permitted the death penalty once more in Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the state electrocuted John Arthur Spenkelink on May 25, 1979, which was the second execution in the U.S. since 1967, after that of Gary Gilmore on January 17, 1977, in Utah.{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946245,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119205614/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946245,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 19, 2008 | magazine=Time | title=Nation: At Issue: Crime and Punishment | date=June 4, 1979}}

The state allows executions by lethal injection and electrocution, although the default method was lethal injection. A bill was proposed in March 2025 to allow executions by firing squad or nitrogen gas or other methods permitted under the constitution should the option of lethal injection be unavailable.{{cite news |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article302809124.html | work=Miami Herald | title=Florida bill would open the door to firing squads, lethal gas for executions | date=March 26, 2025}}

In Florida, a murderer can be eligible for capital punishment if their crime involves one of the following aggravating factors:Florida Statutes § 921.141

1. It was committed by a person previously convicted of a felony and under sentence of imprisonment, placed on community control, or on felony probation.
2. The defendant was previously convicted of another capital felony or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.
3. The defendant knowingly created a great risk of death to many persons.
4. It was committed while the defendant was engaged, or was an accomplice, in the commission of, or an attempt to commit a specified felony (such as aggravated child abuse, arson, kidnapping, placing or discharging of a destructive device or bomb).
5. It was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or effecting an escape from custody.
6. It was committed for [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pecuniary pecuniary] [financial] gain.
7. It was committed to disrupt or hinder the lawful exercise of any governmental function or the enforcement of laws.
8. It was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel.
9. It was committed in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner without any pretense of moral or legal justification.
10. The victim was a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his or her official duties.
11. The victim was an elected or appointed public official engaged in the performance of his or her official duties if the motive for the capital felony was related, in whole or in part, to the victim's official capacity.
12. The victim was a person less than 12 years of age.
13. The victim was particularly vulnerable due to advanced age or disability, or because the defendant stood in a position of familial or custodial authority over the victim.
14. It was committed by a criminal gang member.
15. It was committed by a person currently or formerly designated as a sexual predator.
16. It was committed by a person subject to a restrictive order or a foreign protection order, and was committed against the person who obtained the injunction or protection order or any spouse, child, sibling, or parent of this person.
17. It resulted from the unlawful distribution by a person 18 years of age or older of any substance listed in Fla. Stat. §782.04(1)(a)3., when such substance is proven to have caused, or is proven to have been a substantial factor in causing, the death of the user.

Florida statute 782.04(1)(a)3. specifies that when a person 18 years of age or older unlawfully distributes certain controlled substances, including but not limited to cocaine, opium/opioids, fentanyl, carfentanil, methamphetamine, or analogs thereof, and the use of that substance alone is proven to have caused the death of the user or been a substantial factor in the user's death, regardless of any other substances involved, then the distributor has committed murder in the first degree. First degree murder is a capital felony in Florida, punishable by death or life imprisonment. This statute holds drug dealers strictly liable for deaths resulting from the drugs they illegally provide, and subjects them to the state's harshest penalty if the drugs are proven to be the proximate cause of a user's death.

Florida statute also provides the death penalty for capital drug trafficking and discharging or using a destructive device causing death. A provision for capital sexual battery was found unconstitutional in the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case Kennedy v. Louisiana. No one is on death row in the United States for drug trafficking.

In May 2023, Governor Ron DeSantis signed a bill that allows the death penalty for defendants convicted of child rape. Since the law contradicts the Kennedy v. Louisiana ruling, it will likely be challenged in the courts.{{Cite web |title=DeSantis signs law allowing death penalty for child rape, defying US Supreme Court ruling |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/05/01/desantis-allows-death-penalty-child-rape-defies-supreme-court/70171868007/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Siladitya |title=DeSantis Signs New Death Penalty Bill—Setting Up Possible Supreme Court Clash |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2023/05/02/desantis-signs-new-death-penalty-legislation-sets-up-potential-clash-with-supreme-court/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}{{Cite news |title=DeSantis expands Florida death penalty law, defying U.S. Supreme Court |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/05/01/desantis-death-penalty-child-rapists/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0190-8286}}{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Kit |date=2023-05-01 |title=DeSantis signs bill making child rapists eligible for death penalty at odds with US Supreme Court ruling {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/01/politics/desantis-child-rapists-death-penalty-bill-scotus/index.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2023-05-07 |title=Florida Gov. DeSantis signs bill allowing death sentence for child rape |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/05/02/florida-death-penalty-child-rape |access-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507122635/https://www.axios.com/2023/05/02/florida-death-penalty-child-rape |archive-date=May 7, 2023 }} The first attempted use of the law was in the case of Joseph Giampa, who ultimately pleaded guilty and accepted a mandatory life sentence rather than risk possible execution.{{cite news|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/crime/2024/02/02/florida-death-penalty-child-rape-law-lake-county/|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|title=Florida drops death penalty pursuit for man accused of child sex abuse|first=Romy|last=Ellenbogen|date=2 February 2024}}

In April 2025, a bill was proposed to introduce the death penalty for human trafficking of a child below 12 years of age.{{cite news|url=https://floridaphoenix.com/2025/04/08/house-closer-to-setting-death-sentence-in-cases-of-human-trafficking-of-kids/|newspaper=Florida Phoenix|title=House closer to setting death sentence in cases of human trafficking of kids|date=April 8, 2025}}

In Hurst v. Florida (2014), the United States Supreme Court struck down part of Florida's death penalty law, holding it was not sufficient for a judge to determine the aggravating facts to be used in considering a death sentence. The court ruled that this trial process violated the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial under Ring v. Arizona (2002).{{Cite news |last=Alvarez |first=Lizette |date=2016-02-02 |title=Supreme Court Ruling Has Florida Scrambling to Fix Death Penalty Law |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/03/us/supreme-court-ruling-has-florida-scrambling-to-fix-death-penalty-law.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0362-4331}}[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/13/us/politics/supreme-court-death-penalty-hurst-v-florida.html ADAM LIPTAK, "Supreme Court Strikes Down Part of Florida Death Penalty"], The New York Times, January 12, 2016, accessed February 3, 2016 The state supreme court later held that this applied only to defendants sentenced by a non-unanimous jury from 2002 to 2014.{{cite web|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2018/11/court-adds-two-new-cases-to-merits-docket/|title=Court adds two new cases to merits docket|first=Amy|last=Howe |date=November 13, 2018|access-date=November 13, 2018|work=SCOTUSblog}}

When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the jury must unanimously find that an aggravating factor found by the prosecution exists, making the defendant eligible for a death sentence. Once this eligibility is established, a supermajority of at least 8 jurors must concur that the established aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors for a recommendation for a death sentence. Should less than eight jurors find that the aggravating factors do not outweigh the mitigating factors, the jury's recommendation shall be a life sentence which shall be the sentence imposed by the trial judge (there is no retrial). Should the jury make a recommendation for a sentence of death, the trial judge shall have the discretion to determine whether a death or life sentence shall be imposed; the trial judge must justify his or her reasoning in a written order.{{cite news |last1=Clifford |first1=Tyler |title=DeSantis signs bill to lower bar on death sentence in Florida |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/desantis-signs-bill-lower-bar-death-sentence-florida-2023-04-20/ |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=Reuters |date=20 April 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Florida Legislature Rescinds Unanimous-Jury Requirement in Death Sentencing |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/florida-legislature-rescinds-unanimous-jury-requirement-in-death-sentencing |website=Death Penalty Information Center |access-date=23 April 2023}}

Prior to 2014, the judge decided the sentence alone, and the jury gave only a non-binding advice.{{cite web |title= HB 7101 |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2016/7101/BillText/er/PDF |publisher= Florida state senate|website=Flsenate.gov |access-date= March 15, 2014}} In March 2014, the Florida Legislature provided a 10-juror supermajority to issue a sentence of death.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/03/07/florida-death-penalty-officially-revamped-after-supreme-court-struck-it-down/|title=Florida death penalty officially revamped after Supreme Court struck it down|last=Berman|first=Mark|date=2016-03-07|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2016-08-03}} This was also challenged and in October 2014, the Florida Supreme Court struck down the law, finding that death sentences can only be handed down by a unanimous jury.{{cite news|title = Court again tosses state death penalty; ruling raises bar on capital punishment|first1 = Mary Ellen|last1 = Klas |first2 = David|last2 = Ovalle|date = October 14, 2014|url = http://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article108231392.html|newspaper = Miami Herald|access-date = October 15, 2014}} The court later reversed this finding, allowing Governor Ron DeSantis in 2023 to sign [https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/450 Senate Bill 450] that eliminated the unanimous jury requirement.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/24/ron-desantis-florida-death-penalty-unanimous-jury | title=DeSantis calls to end jury unanimity for Florida death penalty cases | newspaper=The Guardian | date=January 24, 2023 | last1=Pengelly | first1=Martin }}{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/florida-end-unanimous-jury-requirement-executions-96840774 | title=Florida could end unanimous jury requirement for executions | website=ABC News }}{{Cite web |last=Mazzei |first=Patricia |date=2023-04-20 |title=DeSantis Signs Law Lowering Death Penalty Threshold in Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/us/desantis-death-penalty-florida.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428035901/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/us/desantis-death-penalty-florida.html |archive-date=2023-04-28 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}

On June 14, 2013, Governor Rick Scott signed the Timely Justice Act of 2013. The law is designed to overhaul and speed up the process of capital punishment. It creates tighter time frames for a person sentenced to death to make appeals and post-conviction motions and imposes reporting requirements on case progress.{{cite web|title=Rick Scott signs bill speeding up capital punishment|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2013/jun/14/rick-scott-signs-bill-speeding-capital-punishment/|publisher=NaplesNews.com|access-date=June 15, 2013|archive-date=April 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421163202/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2013/jun/14/rick-scott-signs-bill-speeding-capital-punishment/|url-status=dead}}

File:Florida electric-chair.jpg

Death sentences are carried out via lethal injection.

However, the sentence can be carried out by electrocution if the offender requests it.{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=8&did=245 |title=Methods of Execution | Death Penalty Information Center |website=Deathpenaltyinfo.org |access-date=2014-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703193933/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=8&did=245 |archive-date=July 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} If lethal injection or electrocution is held unconstitutional, statutes authorize the use of "any constitutional method of execution" instead.{{cite web |url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0900-0999/0922/Sections/0922.105.html |title=922.105 Execution of death sentence; prohibition against reduction of death sentence as a result of determination that a method of execution is unconstitutional. |website= www.leg.state.fl.us |access-date=2022-03-28}}

The only execution chamber in Florida is located at Florida State Prison in Starke. When sentenced, male convicts who receive the death penalty are incarcerated at either Florida State Prison itself, or at Union Correctional Institution next door to Florida State Prison, while female convicts who are sentenced to death are incarcerated at Lowell Correctional Institution north of Ocala. Inmates are moved to the death row at Florida State Prison when their death warrant is signed.

Florida used public hanging under a local jurisdiction, overseen and performed by the sheriffs of the counties where the crimes took place. However, in 1923, the Florida Legislature passed a law replacing hanging with the electric chair and stated that all future execution will be performed under state jurisdiction inside prisons.{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/oth/timeline/1922-1924.html |title=Timeline: 1922-1924 - A History of Corrections in Florida |website=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2016-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170257/http://www.dc.state.fl.us/oth/timeline/1922-1924.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |df=mdy }}{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org |title=DPIC | Death Penalty Information Center |website=Deathpenaltyinfo.org |access-date=2014-07-21}} The electric chair became a subject of strong controversy in the 1990s after three executions received considerable media attention and were labeled as "botched" by opponents (Jesse Tafero in 1990, Pedro Medina in 1997, and Allen Lee Davis in 1999). While most states switched to the lethal injection, many politicians in Florida opposed giving up "Old Sparky", seeing it as a "deterrent".{{cite web |url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1997/vp970412/04120007.htm |title=Welcome to nginx |access-date=2008-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110608145625/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1997/vp970412/04120007.htm |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} Finally, after the Davis execution, lethal injection was enabled as the default method.{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/oth/timeline/1999.html |title=Timeline: 1999 - A History of Corrections in Florida |website=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2014-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421163257/http://www.dc.state.fl.us/oth/timeline/1999.html |archive-date=April 21, 2014 |df=mdy }}

During Governor Rick Scott's tenure (2011-2019), Florida executed more inmates (28) than had been executed under any other governor in the state's history.{{cite news|last1=Bousquet|first1=Steve|title=Solitary man: What Rick Scott's legacy as governor will look like|url=https://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2018/01/04/solitary-man-what-rick-scotts-legacy-as-governor-will-look-like/|access-date=June 21, 2018|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|date=January 4, 2018}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2019/04/24/florida-governors-death-penalty-desantis-set-record|title=Florida Governors and the Death Penalty: Could DeSantis Pass Rick Scott?|author=De Jesus, Roy|website=www.baynews9.com}}

The Governor of Florida has the right to commute the death penalty, but only with positive recommendation of clemency from a Board, where they sit.{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=126&scid=13 |title=Clemency | Death Penalty Information Center |website=Deathpenaltyinfo.org |access-date=2016-07-21 |archive-date=June 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618031902/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=126&scid=13 |url-status=dead }}

Between 1925 and 1965, 57 commutations were granted out of 268 cases.{{cite book |last1=O'Shea |first1=Kathleen A. |title=Women and the Death Penalty in the United States, 1900-1998 |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-95952-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvdKyEJo0osC |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=en}} Since 1972, when the death penalty was re-instituted, only six commutations have been granted, all under the administration of Governor Bob Graham.

• Florida Criminal Justice Standards & Training Commission
• Capital punishment in the United States
• List of people executed in Florida
• List of death row inmates in Florida
• Crime in Florida
• Law of Florida
• Murder in Florida law
• Gas chamber

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite web|url=https://fdc-media.ccplatform.net/content/download/1561/file/FDC-Execution-by-Lethal-Injection-Procedures.pdf|title=Execution by Lethal Injection Procedures|publisher=Florida Department of Corrections|date=2023-03-10}} - [https://www.fdc.myflorida.com/institutions/death-row Linked from here]
• {{cite web|url=https://fdc-media.ccplatform.net/content/download/1560/file/FDC-Execution-by-Electrocution-Procedures.pdf|title=Execution by Electrocution Procedures|publisher=Florida Department of Corrections|date=2023-03-10}} - [https://www.fdc.myflorida.com/institutions/death-row Linked from here]
• {{cite web|url=https://dpic-cdn.org/production/legacy/FlorLethInject.pdf|title=Execution by Lethal Injection Procedures|publisher=Florida Department of Corrections|date=2007-05-09|via=Death Penalty Information Center}}
• {{cite web|last=Ellenbogen|first=Romy|url=https://www.tampabay.com:443/news/florida-politics/2023/02/23/death-penalty-lethal-injection-florida-execution/|title=How Florida kills: the state's execution method, explained|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|date=2023-02-23}}

{{wiktionary|Florida flambe}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605063105/http://www.dc.state.fl.us/orginfo/media/gurney.jpg Florida execution chamber photo]
• [http://www.floridacapitalcases.state.fl.us/#index Florida Capital Cases website]

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Category:1972 establishments in Florida

Florida

Category:Florida law