Carbajal Valley
{{Short description|Landform of the Fuegian Andes in southern Argentina}}
{{Infobox valley
| name = Carbajal Valley
| photo = ARG-2016-Aerial-Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia)–Valle Carbajal 01.jpg
| photo_caption = Aerial view, east end
| direction = NW-SE
| length = ~{{convert|20|km|mi|1}}
| width = {{convert|2.6|km|mi|1}}
| elevation = ~{{convert|150|m|ft|-1}} asl
| coordinates = {{coord|54|41|9|S|68|20|58|W|type:landmark_region:Argentina|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map = Tierra del Fuego
| map_size = 200
| watercourses = Río Olivia
}}
The Carbajal Valley ({{langx|es|Valle Carbajal}}) is a valley in the Fuegian Andes of southern Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina. The Carbajal valley is approximately {{convert|20|km|mi}} long, running west to east, between the Alvear mountain range to the north and the Vinciguerra range to the south.{{Sfn|Menounos et al.|2013|p=71}}{{Sfn|Rabassa et al.|2006|p=130}}{{Sfn|Hennessy|1999|p=333}} Andes peak heights in the region are generally less than {{convert|1250|m|ft}} above sea level.{{Sfn|Menounos et al.|2013|p=71}}
Argentine Route 3 runs diagonally through Ushuaia (SW-NE) along the Río Olivia past the west base of Mount Olivia and around the northwestern and northern base of Monte Cinco Hermanos.
Topography
During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), approximately 20,000 years ago,{{Sfn|Borromei et al.|2007|p=332}}{{#tag:ref |Research suggests that the LGM occurred 19–23 ka BP.{{Sfn|Hopcroft|Valdes|2015|p=5533}}{{Sfn|Cook|Vizy|2006|p=1}} | group="nb"}} a valley glacier carved the Carbajal-Tierra Mayor valley (described as the "glaciation axis of the Fuegian Andes"){{Sfn|Rabassa|2008|p=183}} from northwest to southeast, with an ice tongue forking south along the Valle Río Olivia into the Beagle Channel immediately to the east of Ushuaia.{{Sfn|Borromei et al.|2007|p=329}} Based on the geological study of the erosion patterns, the Carbajal glacier’s ice thickness was {{convert|600-800|m|ft}}.{{Sfn|Borromei et al.|2007|p=329}} Several existing glaciers (e.g., Ojos de Albino, Vinciguerra) were tributaries of the Carbajal glacier.{{Sfn|Menounos et al.|2013|pp=73–75}}
In the early Holocene period (11,700–8,200 years ago),{{Sfn|Walker et al.|2012|p=651}} by 10,300 years ago, ice had receded from the valley walls and vegetation was growing.{{Sfn|Borromei et al.|2007|p=329}} By the middle Holocene period (8,200–4,200 years ago),{{Sfn|Walker et al.|2012|p=653}} forest growth was expanding.{{Sfn|Borromei et al.|2007|p=329}}
The nearly U-shaped valley floor is covered with Sphagnum peat bogs and poorly drained mires.{{Sfn|Borromei et al.|2007|p=332}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
=Notes=
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}
=Sources=
- {{Citation| last1 = Borromei| first1 = Ana Marıa | last2 = Coronato| first2 = Andrea | last3 = Quattrocchio| first3 = Mirta | last4 = Rabassa| first4 = Jorge| last5 = Grill| first5 = Silvia | last6 = Roig| first6 = Claudio | title = Late Pleistocene–Holocene environments in Valle Carbajal, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina| journal = Journal of South American Earth Sciences| volume = 23|ref={{Sfnref|Borromei et al.|2007}} | pages = 321–335 | year = 2007| doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2007.02.008 | issue=4|author-link4=Jorge Rabassa}}
- {{Citation| last1 = Cook| first1 = K.H.| last2 = Vizy| first2 = E.K.| title = South American climate during the Last Glacial Maximum: Delayed onset of the South American monsoon| journal = Journal of Geophysical Research| volume = 111| pages = 1–21 | year = 2006| doi=10.1029/2005JD005980| bibcode=2006JGRD..111.2110C| issue=D2| doi-access = free}}
- {{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WNOm_mfkxmYC&pg=PA333 |page=333|title= Insight Guide Argentina|publisher= Insight Guides|isbn= 978-0-88729-031-2|last1= Hennessy|first1= Huw|year=1999}}
- {{Citation| last1 = Hopcroft| first1 = Peter O.| last2 = Valdes| first2 = Paul J.| title = How well do simulated last glacial maximum tropical temperatures constrain equilibrium climate sensitivity?| journal = Geophysical Research Letters| volume = 42| pages = 5533–5539 | year = 2015| doi = 10.1002/2015GL064903| issue=13| url = http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/51793503/Hopcroft_et_al_2015_Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf| doi-access = free}}
- {{Citation| last1 = Menounos| first1 = Brian | last2 = Clague| first2 = John J. | last3 = Osborn| first3 = Gerald | last4 = Davis| first4 = P. Thompson | last5 = Ponce| first5 = Federico | last6 = Goehring| first6 = Brent | last7 = Maurer| first7 = Malyssa | last8 = Rabassa| first8 = Jorge | last9 = Coronato| first9 = Andrea | last10 = Marr| first10 = Rob | title = Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier fluctuations in southernmost Tierra del Fuego, Argentina| journal = Quarterly Science Reviews| volume = 77|ref={{Sfnref|Menounos et al.|2013}} | pages = 70–79| year = 2013| doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.008| hdl = 11336/26740| hdl-access = free}}
- {{cite book |last1=Rabassa |first1=Jorge |editor-last=Rabassa |editor-first=Jorge |title=The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego|url=https://archive.org/details/latecenozoicpata00raba |url-access=limited |publisher=Elsevier |year=2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/latecenozoicpata00raba/page/n159 151]–xxx |chapter=Chapter 8: Late Cenozoic Glaciations in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego |isbn=978-0-444-52954-1}}
- {{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gq3lR7xmwKkC&pg=PA129 |page=130|title= Peatlands: Evolution and Records of Environmental and Climate Changes|ref={{Sfnref|Rabassa et al.|2006}}|publisher= Elsevier|isbn= 978-0-444-52883-4|editor-last1= Martini|editor-first1= I.P.|editor-last2= Martinez Cortizas|editor-first2= A.|editor-last3= Chesworth|editor-first3= W.|last1= Rabassa|first1= J.|last2= Coronato|first2= A.|last3= Heusser|first3= C.J.|last4= Roig Junent|first4= F.|last5= Borromei|first5= A.|last6= Roig|first6= C.|last7= Quattrocchio|first7= M.|year=2006}}
- {{Citation| last1 = Walker| first1 = M.J.C.| last2 = Berkelhammer| first2 = M.| last3 = Björck| first3 = S.| last4 = Cwynar| first4 = L.C.| last5 = Fisher| first5 = D.A.| last6 = Long| first6 = A.J.| last7 = Lowe| first7 = J.J.| last8 = Newnham| first8 = R.M.| last9 = Rasmussen| first9 = S.O.| last10 = Weiss| first10 = H.| title = Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)| journal = Journal of Quaternary Science| issue = 7|ref={{Sfnref|Walker et al.|2012}} | pages = 649–659 | year = 2012| doi=10.1002/jqs.2565| volume=27| s2cid = 41814349|author-link3=Svante Björck| doi-access = free}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline}}