Carbon (programming language)#Example
{{Short description|Programming language designed for interoperability with C++}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Carbon
| logo = Carbon logo.png
| logo alt = A dark-gray circle with a white sans-serif letter "C" in the middle
| logo caption = Logo on Carbon's GitHub organization
| family = C
| designer = Google
| typing = Static, nominative, partly inferred
| influenced by = C++, Rust, Zig, Haskell, Kotlin, Swift
| programming language = C++
| license = Apache-2.0-with-LLVM-Exception
| file ext = .carbon
| website = {{URL|github.com/carbon-language}}
}}
Carbon is an experimental programming language designed for connectiveness with C++.{{cite web|title=README|url=https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/trunk/README.md|quote="It is designed around interoperability with C++ as well as large-scale adoption and migration for existing C++ codebases and developers."|accessdate=2023-09-06}} The project is open-source and was started at Google. Google engineer Chandler Carruth first introduced Carbon at the CppNorth conference in Toronto in July 2022. He stated that Carbon was created to be a C++ successor. The language is expected to have an experimental MVP version 0.1 in late 2026 at the earliest and a production-ready version 1.0 after 2028.{{Citation |title=Carbon Language: Roadmap |date=2024-01-11 |url=https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/trunk/docs/project/roadmap.md |publisher=carbon-language |access-date=2024-01-18}}
The language intends to fix several perceived shortcomings of C++ but otherwise provides a similar feature set.
The main goals of the language are readability and "bi-directional interoperability" (which allows the user to include C++ code in the Carbon file), as opposed to using a new language like Rust, that, whilst being influenced by C++, is not two-way compatible with C++ programs. Changes to the language will be decided by the Carbon leads.
Carbon's documents, design, implementation, and related tools are hosted on GitHub under the Apache-2.0 license with LLVM Exceptions.{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/31df852738aea520a1a1800259120bc10ce7a005/LICENSE |title=carbon-lang/LICENSE |date=2020-06-16 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=GitHub}}
Example
The following shows how a program might be written in Carbon and C++:{{cite web |title=carbon-lang/docs/images/snippets.md at trunk · carbon-language/carbon-lang |url=https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/trunk/docs/images/snippets.md |website=GitHub |access-date=16 December 2023 |language=en}}
{{clear}}
| class="wikitable" | |
| Carbon | C++ |
|---|---|
| style=vertical-align:top
| package Geometry; import Math; class Circle { var r: f32; } fn PrintTotalArea(circles: Slice(Circle)) { var area: f32 = 0; for (c: Circle in circles) { area += Math.Pi * c.r * c.r; } Print("Total area: {0}", area); } fn Main() -> i32 { // A dynamically sized array, like `std::vector`. var circles: Array(Circle) = ({.r = 1.0}, {.r = 2.0}); // Implicitly converts `Array` to `Slice`. PrintTotalArea(circles); return 0; } | import std; struct Circle { std::float32_t r; }; void PrintTotalArea(std::span std::float32_t area = 0; for (const Circle& c : circles) { area += std::numbers::pi * c.r * c.r; } std::print("Total area: {}\n", area); } int main() { std::vector // Implicitly converts `vector` to `span`. PrintTotalArea(circles); return 0; } |
See also
{{Portal|Computer programming}}
References
{{Reflist|refs=
|url=https://cppnorth2022.sched.com/event/140f8/keynote-chandler-carruth-nulbscience-experiment-timenulb?linkback=grid
|title=Scheduled events for Tuesday, July 19, 09:00 - 10:30
|work=CppNorth, The Canadian C++ Conference, July 17–20, 2022
|publisher=CppNorth
|via=Sched.com
|access-date=2022-07-21
}}
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omrY53kbVoA
|title=Carbon Language: An experimental successor to C++ - Chandler Carruth - CppNorth 2022
|publisher=CppNorth
|via=YouTube
|date=2022-07-22
}}
|url=https://9to5google.com/2022/07/19/carbon-programming-language-google-cpp/
|last1=Bradshaw
|first1=Kyle
|title=Carbon, a new programming language from Google, aims to be C++ successor
|work=9to5Google
|date=19 July 2022
}}
|title=Difficulties improving C++
|url=https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/b62b7464a4f99f9101edbe3ea5b76d6cb2cdbc9b/docs/project/difficulties_improving_cpp.md
|work=carbon-language/carbon-lang repo
|publisher=Google
|via=GitHub
|date=2022-07-21
}}
|url=https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/trunk/docs/project/evolution.md
|first1=Chandler
|last1=Carruth
|first2=Jon
|last2=Ross-Perkins
|first3=Matthew
|last3=Riley
|first4=Sidney
|last4=Hummert
|title=Evolution and governance
|work=carbon-language/carbon-lang repo
|publisher=Google
|via=GitHub
|date=23 July 2022
}}
|url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/software/453410-googles-carbon-programming-language-aims-to-replace-c.html
|last=Illidge
|first=Myles
|title=Google’s Carbon programming language aims to replace C++
|work=MyBroadband
|date=21 July 2022
}}
|title=Google Launches Carbon, an Experimental Replacement for C++
|url=https://thenewstack.io/google-launches-carbon-an-experimental-replacement-for-c/
|last=Jackson
|first=Joab
|date=20 July 2022
|work=The New Stack
}}
|title=Carbon, A New Programming Language from Google As A C++ Successor
|url=https://www.phoneworld.com.pk/carbon-a-new-programming-language-from-google-as-a-c-successor/
|last=Mustafa
|first=Onsa
|date=20 July 2022
|work=PhoneWorld
}}
}}
External links
- {{GitHub|carbon-language}}
- [https://carbon.godbolt.org/ Carbon at the Compiler Explorer (godbolt)]
{{Google FOSS}}
{{Google LLC}}
Category:Programming languages
Category:Statically typed programming languages
Category:Cross-platform software
Category:Object-oriented programming languages
Category:Programming languages created in 2022
{{Google-stub}}