Carcamano
{{Short description|Ethnic slur used in Brazil}}
Carcamano (Pronounced in Portuguese: ˌkaɾkaˈmɐ̃nu; in Caipira dialect: kaɹkaˈmɐ̃no) is an ethnic slur used in São Paulo and in the South of Brazil for the Italian immigrants who arrived in Brazil in the late 19th century and in the early 20th century.
This name was slowly spread to other white Brazilian communities like German-Brazilians, Slavic-Brazilians and others.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} In some regions of Northeastern Brazil (especially the states of Maranhão and Ceará), this term is also used for Brazilian Jews and Arab Brazilians.[http://nvsp.tarjaeditorial.com.br/?m=20070416 Novas Visões de São Paulo]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, April 16th, 2007
Folk etymology wrongly advocates that the word carcamano is composed of two separate words. Calca- drawn from the Italian verb calcare, which means "to press down" and -mano (IT) meaning "hand".[https://www.dicionarioetimologico.com.br/busca/?q=carcamano Etymological Dictionary][https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq9oAAAAMAAJ&q=%22carcamano%22+calca Les Langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, Volume 1 - Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1981] The idea was to refer to the foreigner, probably of Italian origin (whence mano, vs. Portuguese mão), of pressing down on the scales when weighing goods in the dry goods or grocery store. It is a way of calling the vendor a cheat.
The real etymological base of the word is disputed. According to the Brazilian filologist Antenor Nascentes the most probable origin is the Spanish-language word carcamán, used in Latin America to denote "decrepit person" (in Peru), a poor foreigner (in Cuba), pretentious person with few merits (in Colombia) and Italians - in particular Italians from Liguria - (in Argentina).Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa{{cite web|url=https://paladar.estadao.com.br/noticias/comida,a-mao-culinaria-do-carcamano,10000010453|title=A mão culinária do carcamano|author=Dias Lopes - O Estado de S. Paulo|date=|publisher=2012-11-14|accessdate=2019-06-02}}