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Cardinal electors for the March–April 1605 conclave

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{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

File:Pope Leo XI - Portrait.jpg, was elected Pope Leo XI on 1 April 1605.{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}]]

The papal conclave of March–April 1605 was convened on the death of Pope Clement VIII and ended with the election of Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici as Pope Leo XI on 1 April 1605. It was the first of two papal conclaves in 1605, with Leo dying on 27 April 1605, twenty-six days after he was elected, and the conclave to elect his successor being held in May. The conclave saw conflict regarding whether Cesare Baronius should be elected pope, and Philip III of Spain, the Spanish king, excluded both Baronius and the eventually successful candidate, Medici.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1952|p=8}}{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|pp=139–140}} Philip's exclusion of Medici was announced by Cardinal Ávila after his election to the papacy, and the other cardinals did not view it as valid since Medici had already been elected pope.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1952|p=17}}

Pope Nicholas II had reserved the right to elect the pope to the cardinal bishops, priests, and deacons of Rome in 1059.{{sfn|Pattenden|2017|p=14}} The cardinal bishops were the highest rank, being the bishops of the ancient suburbicarian dioceses, the priests ranked next, who served as the titular head of historically important churches in Rome, and last ranked the cardinal deacons, who were nominally assigned one of the ancient diaconia where traditionally deacons had administered the temporal property of the Church of Rome. Cardinals were required to have been ordained at least to the rank of their order within the College of Cardinals, but could also be ordained to a higher order as well.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|1911|pp=321–322}}

In 1586, Pope Sixtus V mandated that the maximum number of cardinals would be seventy.{{sfn|Pattenden|2017|p=18}} Of these, the College of Cardinals had sixty-nine total members at the time of Clement VIII's death, but only sixty were present for the first conclave of 1605 when it opened, and sixty-one total electors were present for the election of Leo XI.{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1952|p=4}} The electors present had been created by six different popes: Pius IV, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, Gregory XIV, Innocent IX, and Clement VIII. Of these, Clement's creations were the most numerous, having created thirty-eight of the cardinal electors. Innocent IX had created one of the conclave's electors, Gregory XIV had created five, Sixtus V had created eleven, Gregory XIII had created four, and Pius IV had created one.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1952|p=5}}{{efn-lr|Pastor lists Gregory XIII as having six electors, attributing Bernerio and Pinelli to him, and Sixtus V as having nine. Eubel counts them as being created by Sixtus V, and gives specific dates for their creations as cardinals.}}

Pietro Aldobrandini, the cardinal-nephew of Clement VIII, was the elector who controlled the largest number of votes with twenty-two of Clement's thirty-eight creations following his instructions. Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, the nephew of Sixtus V, controlled eight votes. Thirteen of the cardinal electors were loyal to the Spanish monarchy, and these electors and the faction loyal to Montalto were aligned. In addition to these groups, eight of the electors formed a faction that were loyal to the French crown.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1952|pp=5–7}}

List of cardinal electors

File:Portret van kardinaal Baronius, onbekend, schilderij, Museum Plantin-Moretus (Antwerpen) - MPM V IV 111.jpg

class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"

!scope=col|Name

!scope=col|Rank{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=9}}{{efn-lr|Refers to rank within the College of Cardinals, and is not reflective of whether or not the individual had been ordained or consecrated to other Holy Orders}}

!scope=col|Created cardinal by{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1952|p=5}}

!scope=col|Nationality

!scope=col class=unsortable|Sources

scope="row" data-sort-value="Gallio, Tolomeo"|Tolomeo Gallio

|data-sort-value=1|Bishop

| Pius IV

|Italian

|{{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=40}}

style="background: #FFF39E;"

!scope="row" data-sort-value="Medici, Alessandro Ottaviano" style="background: #FFF39E;"|Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici{{efn-lr|Elected Pope Leo XI}}

|data-sort-value=1|Bishop

| Gregory XIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Joyeuse, François"|François de Joyeuse

|data-sort-value=1|Bishop

| Gregory XIII

|French

|{{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=47}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Pinelli, Domenico"|Domenico Pinelli

|data-sort-value=1|Bishop

|Sixtus V{{efn-lr|name=pec}}

|Italian

|{{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=51}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Bernerio, Girolamo"|Girolamo Bernerio

|data-sort-value=1|Bishop

| Sixtus V{{efn-lr|name=pec|Pastor lists as a creation of Gregory XIII, but Eubel lists as created by Sixtus V.}}

|Italian

|{{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=51}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Valier, Agostino" |Agostino Valier

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Gregory XIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=47}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Gallo, Antonio Maria" |Antonio Maria Gallo

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=51}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Sauli, Antonmaria" |Antonmaria Sauli

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=52}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Giustiniani, Benedetto" |Benedetto Giustiniani

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sf|Squarzina|1997|p=766}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Pallotta, Giovanni Evangelista" |Giovanni Evangelista Pallotta

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=52}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Borromeo, Federico" |Federico Borromeo

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=52}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Monte, Francesco Maria" |Francesco Maria del Monte

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=52}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Petrocchini, Gregorio" | Gregorio Petrocchini

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=53}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Pierbenedetti, Mariano" |{{ill|Mariano Pierbenedetti|it}}

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Sixtus V

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=53}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Sfondrati, Paolo Emilio" |Paolo Emilio Sfondrati

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Gregory XIV

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=54}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Paravicini, Ottavio" |Ottavio Paravicini

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Gregory XIV

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=54}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Aquaviva d'Aragona, Ottavio" | Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Gregory XIV

|Italian

|{{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=54}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Piatti, Flaminio" |{{ill|Flaminio Piatti|it}}

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Gregory XIV

|Italian

|{{sfn|Giannini|2015}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Facchinetti, Giovanni Antonio" |{{ill|Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce (cardinal nephew)|it| Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce|lt=Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce}}{{efn-lr|Not Pope Innocent IX, born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, who died in 1591}}

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Innocent IX

|Italian

| {{sfn|Cardella|1793|p=324}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Aldobrandini, Pietro" |Pietro Aldobrandini

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=4}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Tarugi, Francesco Maria" |Francesco Maria Tarugi

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=4}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Bandini, Francisco" |Ottavio Bandini

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=4}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Givry, Anne d'Escars" |Anne d'Escars de Givry

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|French

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=4}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Aldobrandini, Giovanni Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio" |Giovanni Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio Aldobrandini

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Borghese, Camillo" |Camillo Borghese

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Baronius, Caesar" |Caesar Baronius

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Bianchetti, Lorenzo" | Lorenzo Bianchetti

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Avila, Francisco" |{{ill|Francisco de Ávila (cardinal)|es|Francisco Dávila y Guzmán (cardenal) |lt=Francisco de Ávila}}

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Spanish

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Mantica, Francesco" |Francesco Mantica

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Arrigoni, Pompeio" |Pompeio Arrigoni

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Aldobrandini, Bonifazio Bevilacqua"|Bonifazio Bevilacqua Aldobrandini

|data-sort-value=2|Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Visconti, Alfonso" |Alfonso Visconti

|data-sort-value=2|Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Toschi, Domenico" |Domenico Toschi

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Agucchi, Girolamo" | Girolamo Agucchi

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Zacchia, Paolo Emilio" |{{ill|Paolo Emilio Zacchia|it}}

|data-sort-value=2|Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Herbermann et al.|1913|p=529}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Dietrichstein, Franz" |Franz von Dietrichstein{{efn-lr|Entered the conclave on 19 March 1605}}

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|German{{efn-lr|Dietrichstein had a Spanish mother; some sources also describe him as Czech.}}

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1952|p=13}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Bellarmine, Robert" |Robert Bellarmine

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Sourdis, François" |François de Sourdis

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|French

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Olivier-Razali, Séraphin" |Séraphin Olivier-Razali

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|French

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=7}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Spinelli, Filippo" |Filippo Spinelli

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Conti, Carlo" |Carlo Conti

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Madruzzo, Carlo Gaudenzio" |Carlo Gaudenzio Madruzzo

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|German{{efn-lr|Madruzzo was bishop of Trent, in modern Italy. Gauchat classifies him as German, and does not simply list the city as he does for Italians.}}

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=7}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Duperron, Jacques Davy" |Jacques Davy Duperron

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|French

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Bufalo-Cancellieri, Innocenzo" |Innocenzo del Bufalo-Cancellieri

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Delfino, Giovanni" |Giovanni Delfino

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Sannesio, Giacomo" |Giacomo Sannesio

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Pamphili, Girolamo" |Girolamo Pamphili

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Taverna, Ferdinando" |Ferdinando Taverna

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Marzato, Anselmo" |Anselmo Marzato

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Valenti, Erminio " |Erminio Valenti

| data-sort-value="2" |Priest

| Clement VIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Sforza, Francesco" |Francesco Sforza

| data-sort-value="3" |Deacon

| Gregory XIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=47}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Montalto, Alessandro Peretti" |Alessandro Peretti di Montalto

| data-sort-value="3" |Deacon

| Sixtus V

|Italian

|{{sfn|Eubel|van Gulik|1913|p=50}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Farnese, Odoardo" |Odoardo Farnese

| data-sort-value="3" |Deacon

| Gregory XIV

|Italian

| {{sfn|The British Museum}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Aldobrandini, Cinzio Passeri" |Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini

|data-sort-value=3|Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=4}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Cesi, Bartolomeo " |Bartolomeo Cesi

| data-sort-value="3" |Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Montalto, Andrea Baroni Peretti" |Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto

| data-sort-value="3" |Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=5}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Este, Alessandro" |Alessandro d'Este

| data-sort-value="3" |Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

|{{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Deti, Giovanni Battista" |Giovanni Battista Deti

| data-sort-value="3" |Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=6}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Aldobrandini, Silvestro" |{{ill|Silvestro Aldobrandini (cardinal)|it|Silvestro Aldobrandini (cardinale) |lt=Silvestro Aldobrandini}}

|data-sort-value=3|Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=4}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Doria, Giovanni Andrea" |Giovanni Andrea Doria

|data-sort-value=3|Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

scope="row" data-sort-value="Pio di Savoia, Carlo Emanuele" |Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia

|data-sort-value=3|Deacon

| Clement VIII

|Italian

| {{sfn|Gauchat|1960|p=8}}

Notes

{{notelist-lr}}

Citations

{{reflist|30em}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite book|last1=Baumgartner|first1=Frederic J.|title=Behind Locked Doors|date=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29463-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred}}
  • {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cardinal |volume= 5 |last= Boudinhon |first= Auguste | pages = 321–323 |ref={{sfnref|Encyclopædia Britannica|1911}}}}
  • {{cite web|ref={{sfnref|The British Museum}}|title=Cardinal Odoardo Farnese (Biographical details)|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=125489|website=The British Museum|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215830/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=125489|url-status=live}}
  • {{cite book|last=Cardella|first=Lorenzo|title=Memorie storiche de' cardinali della santa romana Chiesa|language=Italian|trans-title=Memories of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJWBhq_2f5gC|volume=V|year=1793|publisher=Stamperia Pagliarini|location=Rome|oclc=42022804}}
  • {{cite book|location=London|last1=Freiherr von Pastor|first1=Ludwig|editor1-last=Graf|year=1952|orig-year=1899|editor1-first=Ernest|title=The History of the Popes|volume=XXV|publisher=B. Herder Book Co.|oclc=221543126}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Eubel|first1=Konrad|last2= van Gulik|first2=Wilhelm|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi|trans-title=The Catholic Hierarchy of the Middle and Recent Ages|date=1913|publisher=Monasterii Sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae|language=Latin|volume=3|oclc=55180223}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Giannini|first1=Massimo Carlo|title=Piatti, Flaminio|journal=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani [The Italian Biographical Dictionary]|date=2015|volume=83|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/flaminio-piatti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|language=Italian|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525121433/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/flaminio-piatti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|url-status=live}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Gauchat|first1=Patrick|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi|trans-title=The Catholic Hierarchy of the Middle and Recent Ages|date=1960|publisher=Monasterii Sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae|language=Latin|volume=4|oclc=55180223}}
  • {{cite book|volume=10|ref={{sfnref|Herbermann et al.|1913}}|last1=Herbermann|first1=Charles George |last2=Pace|first2=Edward Aloysius |last3=Pallen|first3=Condé Bénoist |last4= Shahan|first4=Thomas Joseph|last5=Wynne|first5= John Joseph|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AgjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA529|year=1913|publisher=Encyclopedia Press}}
  • {{cite book | last=Pattenden | first=Miles | title=Electing the Pope in early modern Italy, 1450–1700 | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-19-879744-9 | oclc=980220999 }}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Squarzina|first1=Silvia Danesi|title=The Collections of Cardinal Benedetto Giustiniani. Part I|journal=The Burlington Magazine|date= 1997|volume=139|issue=1136|pages=766–791|jstor=887781}}

{{refend}}

{{Papal elections and conclaves from 1061}}

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