Cardinals created by Pius XII

Plans for a first consistory were made by Pius XII in April 1940 – to take place in June{{cite news |title=Honor Well Placed |work=Wisconsin State Journal|date=April 18, 1940 |location=Madison, Wisconsin|page=4}} – however, this was derailed by Italy's entry into World War II in the month planned for the consistory. In December 1940{{cite news |title=Secret Appointments of Cardinals Hinted |work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=November 18, 1940 |location=Richmond, Virginia|page=16}} and again in May 1941 rumours emerged Pius would hold a secret consistory in the presence only of those cardinals residing in Rome,{{cite news |title=Pope Will Hold Consistory May 12 |work=Daily News |location=New York City |page=20}} with many cardinals being reserved {{lang|la|in pectore}}. Again in April 1943 a consistory was proposed for June.{{cite news|title=Pontiff May Call College of Cardinals: Consistory May Ben Held in June to Deal with Church Matters|work=The Shreveport Times|date=April 2, 1943|page=7}} This never came to fruition as wartime action moved into Rome around the time the proposed 1943 consistory would have been held. By the time the proposed 1943 consistory was to be held, there were only 47 living cardinals, but once the war moved into Italy Pius became steadfast that he would hold no consistory until the war ended.{{cite news |title=Expect Post-War Consistory To Give U.S.A. Three Cardinals|work=Transcript-Telegram |date=August 1, 1944 |location=Holyoke, Massachusetts|page=13}}

Image:José María Caro.jpg (1866–1958)]]

File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F002138-0004, Fulda, 7. Deutscher Katholikentag (Bernard Griffin cropped).jpg (1899–1956)]]

Image:James Charles McGuigan.jpg (1894–1974)]]

Image:Adam Stefan Sapieha (1867-1951).jpg (1867–1951)]]

On 23 December 1945, Pope Pius XII announced he would create 32 cardinals at a consistory on 18 February 1946. The new cardinals came from 19 countries, with the number in the College of Cardinals from the Western Hemisphere growing from three to fourteen. Countries with their first cardinal included Chile, China, and Cuba; Mozambique got its first cardinal, though he was born in Portugal; Australia gained its first native-born cardinal. Only four were Italian. It was one of the largest groups of cardinals created at one time.{{cite news| last1=Warren| first1=Virginia Lee| title= Spellman Chosen to be a Cardinal; 31 Others Named | date=24 December 1945 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/12/24/88325592.pdf| accessdate=6 September 2017| work=The New York Times}}{{efn|The New York Times mistakenly cites the consistory held by Pope Pius VII in 1801 as the largest. Pius compared it to the 31 created by Pius VII in March 1816, though ten of those names were not announced at the time, and to the 31 created by Pope Leo X in the June 1517 consistory.{{cite book | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-38-1946-ocr.pdf | access-date = 10 March 2021 | volume = XXXVIII | date = 1946 | page = 17| title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis}}}} Pius discussed the 70-member maximum, noting that it did not control his appointments, but said that he would adhere to it because he was already naming so many new cardinals.{{efn|He said: "Undoubtedly the Roman pontiffs who succeeded him [Sixtus V] would not be bound by this provision, if they considered it opportune to increase or diminish the number.... We have considered it all the more fitting not to go beyond the limit set, because there never yet has been created so large a number of Cardinals–thirty-two–in a single consistory."}} He said: "we have been anxious that the greatest number of races and peoples should be represented, so that this creation may portray in a living manner the universality of the church." The size of the College had not been as high as 70–the maximum established on 3 December 1586 by Pope Sixtus V–since the eighteenth century.{{cite news| author=Pope Pius XII| title=Text of Pope Pius' Address Outlining the Fundamentals for Effectuating Peace on Earth| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/12/25/305230072.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=25 December 1945}} This translation of Pius' address transcribes some data incorrectly.

With this consistory, Italians became a minority in the College of Cardinals. When it was announced they were expected to hold 28 of the 70 places.{{cite news|last1=Warren| first1=Virginia Lee|title=Choice of U.S. Pope Discussed in Rome|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/12/30/109349941.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=30 December 1945}} The death of Cardinal Pietro Boetto on 31 January at the age of 74{{cite news|title=Cardinal Boetto, Foe of Nazis, Dies|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/02/01/93028540.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=1 February 1946}} changed the outcome of the consistory to 27 Italians out of 69. As a symbolic recognition of the end of World War II, two of the new cardinals, Bernard Griffin from Great Britain and Konrad von Preysing of Germany embraced when they met on 12 February in the Vatican.{{cite news|last1=Brewer|first1=Sam Pope|title=Briton and German in Vatican Reunion| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/02/14/93050860.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=14 February 1946}} Agagianian, just 50, became the youngest member of the College, though his patriarch's title gave him precedence ahead of other cardinals created at this consistory.{{cite book | title= Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary | first = Harris M. | last = Lentz III | accessdate = 16 December 2017 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ongwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 | page= 7 | date= 2002| publisher = MacFarland| isbn = 9781476621555 }} Of the 32, all were made cardinal priests but Bruno, a cardinal deacon.{{cite book | access-date = 11 March 2021 | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-38-1946-ocr.pdf | volume = XXXVIII | date = 1946 | pages= 103–6, 132–5| title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis}}

The large number of new cardinals required moving the ceremony where the pope meets with the new cardinals from the papal apartments to the Hall of Benedictions, and for the public ceremony the papal throne was repositioned from the apse of St. Peter's Basilica to the steps of the Altar of Confession to allow for a larger crowd of spectators.{{cite news|last1=Brewer|first1=Sam Pope|title=Pope to Name 32 Prelates to the Cardinalate Today |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/02/18/93052967.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017 |work=The New York Times|date=18 February 1946}} Three of the new cardinals were unable to attend the ceremonies on 18 February: Johannes de Jong and Jules-Géraud Saliège were unable to travel to Rome because of illness, and József Mindszenty was having problems obtaining a visa to travel from Hungary.{{cite news|last1=Brewer|first1=Sam Pope|title=32 New Cardinals Notified of Titles in Vatican Rites|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/02/19/93055125.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=19 February 1946}} Mindszenty arrived for the public ceremony on 21 February, but José María Caro and Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt were suffering from influenza.{{cite news| last1=Matthews| first1= Herbert L.|author-link=Herbert Matthews| title=Thousands Fill S. Peter's as Cardinals Get Red Hat|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/02/22/91610507.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1946}} The next day, when the new cardinals received their rings, Juan Guevara was sick as well.{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Herbert L.|title=Pius Gives Rings to New Cardinals |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/02/23/93056895.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=23 February 1946}} Arteaga and Guevara received their insignia in a private ceremony with Pius on 28 February.{{cite news|last1=Brewer|first1=Sam Pope|title=Pope to Receive Spellman Today |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/03/01/88333701.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=1 March 1946}} Anticipating he would never be healthy enough to travel to Rome, de Jong received his biretta in Utrecht on 28 February as well. Finally, Caro and Saliège received their insignia from Pius on 17 May.{{cite news| title=2 Cardinals Get Hats in Private Consistory|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/05/18/113133558.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=18 May 1946}} By then the number of cardinals had fallen to 68 with the death of one of the new cardinals, John J. Glennon, on 9 March.{{cite news|title=Glennon Mourned by Church Leaders|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/03/10/113132351.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=10 March 1946}}

File:Paus Johannes XXIII, Bestanddeelnr, 254-7064.jpg, later elected as Pope John XXIII (1881–1963)]]

File:Kardinaal Wyszinsky , primaat van Polen, Bestanddeelnr 912-3378.jpg (1901–1981)]]

On 29 November 1952, Pope Pius XII announced he would create 24 new cardinals in a consistory on 12 January 1953. Eleven of them were Italian and the membership of the college would reach the maximum of 70, with 27 Italians. Two were thought to be virtual prisoners in their countries, Aloysius Stepinac in Yugoslavia and Stefan Wyszyński in Poland. Those from Ecuador and Colombia were those countries' first cardinals.{{cite news| last1=Cortesi| first1=Arnaldo|title= 24 New Cardinals Named by Vatican; American Included| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/30/93592660.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times| date=30 November 1952}} Stepinac and Wyszyński chose not to travel to Rome, fearing they would not be allowed to reenter their countries.{{cite news|last1=Cortesi|first1=Arnaldo|title=M'Intyre in Rome for Cardinal Rite|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/01/10/84385524.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 1953}}{{efn|Wyszyński did not receive his titular church assignment until 1957;{{cite book | access-date = 11 March 2021 | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-49-1957-ocr.pdf | volume = XLIX| date = 1957 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | page= 257}} Stepinac never received his.}} Another new cardinal was Angelo Roncalli, who became Pope John XXIII in 1958.

One of those Pius named, Carlo Agostini, died on 28 December at the age of 64.{{cite news|title=Msgr. Agostini, 64, Succumbs in Italy|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/12/28/93597776.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=28 December 1952}} The next day, the Vatican announced Valerian Gracias would be made a cardinal, the first from India, allowing the College to reach its maximum membership of 70, with 26 of them Italian.{{cite news|title=Prelate in India to be a Cardinal|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/12/30/93598908.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=30 December 1952}}

Reviving a custom that had been interrupted, Pius announced that he was granting the request of Catholic heads of state in four countries to serve as his legate in delivering the cardinal's biretta to six of them, either residential bishops in or papal nuncios to their country: Generalissimo Francisco Franco of Spain for Gaetano Cicognani, Benjamín de Arriba y Castro, and Fernando Quiroga y Palacios; the socialist President of France Vincent Auriol for Angelo Roncalli;{{cite book | accessdate = 17 September 2017 | last= Pham | first= John-Peter |url = https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham| url-access = registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham/page/69 69] | title= Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession |publisher= Oxford University Press | date= 2004 | isbn= 978-0-19-517834-0 }} the President of Portugal for Pietro Ciriaci; and President Luigi Einaudi of Italy for Francesco Borgongini Duca.{{cite news|title=Heads of 4 States to Vest Cardinals|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/12/13/96493543.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=13 December 1952}}{{cite news|last1=Cortesi|first1=Arnaldo|title=Pope to Elevate Cardinals Today|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/01/12/83833566.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2017| work=The New York Times|date=12 January 1953}} At the consistory Pius sharply criticized Yugoslavia and in milder language Poland and said the honor he was showing to two of their citizens was meant to honor their countries as well.{{cite news|last1=Cortesi| first1=Arnaldo|title=24 Cardinals Invested by Pope Pius in Majestic Ceremonies at Vatican| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/01/13/83833881.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=13 January 1953}}{{cite news|title=Cardinals Vested by Pope in Ritual|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/01/15/96493961.pdf |accessdate=6 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=15 January 1953}}

After creating 23 cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Ottaviani) on 12 January 1953, Pope Pius three days later gave seventeen of them their red galeri, sixteen their titular church assignments, and Ottaviani his deaconry.{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 14 March 2021 | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-45-1953-ocr.pdf | date = 1953 | volume = XLV | pages= 69–71, 86–8 }}{{efn|Five of those who received their galeri from a head of state were absent, but Duca was able to be present. The other five received their galeri and titular churches from Pope Pius on 29 October 1953.{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 14 March 2021 | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-45-1953-ocr.pdf | date = 1953 | volume = XLV | page= 657 }}}}

When Pius died five years later, his failure to make Giovanni Montini a cardinal at this consistory was much discussed. Though still in his fifties, Montini appeared to be groomed as Pius's successor and had long been his right hand at the Secretariat of State. Pius appointed him archbishop of Milan in 1954, and Montini even received some votes at the 1958 conclave, where his prospects would have been very good had he been a cardinal. Instead, he had to wait for the next conclave in 1963 to be elected Pope Paul VI.

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;Additional sources

• {{cite book |title= Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary | first= Harris M.| last= Lentz III | publisher= McFarland & Company | date=2002|isbn=978-0-7864-4101-3}}
• {{cite web | accessdate=14 July 2018| url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/it/speeches/1945/documents/hf_p-xii_spe_19451224_negli-ultimi.html | author=Pope Pius XII | date= 24 December 1945 | publisher= Libreria Editrice Vaticana| title=Negli ultimi anni |language=it| trans-title=In the course of the last six years}}

• {{cite web|authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title=Consistories for the creation of Cardinals, 20th Century (1903-2005): Pius XII (1939-1958)|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PiusXII|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |accessdate=|publisher=Florida International University|oclc=53276621}}

{{Pope Pius XII|state=collapsed}}

Pius XII

Category:Pope Pius XII

Category:College of Cardinals

Category:1946 in Christianity

Category:1953 in Christianity