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Carduus

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Carduus crispus - Keila.jpg

|image_caption = Carduus crispus

|display_parents = 3

|taxon = Carduus

|authority = L.

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = 90+, see text

|synonyms =

  • Clavena DC. (1838)
  • Clomium Adans. (1763)
  • Onopyxus {{small|Bubani (1899), nom. superfl.}}
  • Orthocentron {{small|Cass. (1825)}}
  • Polycantha {{small|Hill (1762)}}
  • Pternix {{small|Hill (1762)}}

|synonyms_ref = [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330047-2 Carduus L.] Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

}}

Carduus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, and the tribe Cardueae, one of two genera considered to be true thistles, the other being Cirsium.Jordon-Thaden, I. E. and S. M. Louda. (2003). [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=bioscifacpub Chemistry of Cirsium and Carduus: a role in ecological risk assessment for biological control of weeds?] Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31(12), 1353-96. Plants of the genus are known commonly as plumeless thistles.[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=35783 Carduus.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105640 Carduus.] Flora of North America. They are native to temperate Eurasia and North Africa, and several are known elsewhere as introduced species. This genus is noted for its disproportionately high number of noxious weeds compared to other flowering plant genera.Schmidt, J. P. and J. M. Drake. (2011). [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018654 Why are some plant genera more invasive than others?] PLOS One 6(4), e18654.

Etymology

The genus name Carduus is from the Latin for "a kind of thistle"[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=360 Carduus.] The Jepson eFlora 2013. or "thistlelike plant". It is related to the word Cardonnacum ("a place of chardons or thistles"), which is the origin of Chardonnay, the name of the grape variety.[http://iv.ucdavis.edu/Viticultural_Information/?uid=10&ds=351 Chardonnay.] Viticultural Information. UC Integrated Viticulture, University of California. It is also related to the word card, which as a noun means a device (often a stiff-bristled brush) for aligning and cleaning fibers, and as a verb means the action of processing fibers in that way.

Description

These are usually annual or biennial herbs, sometimes perennial. Species often grow 2 meters in height but are known to reach 4 meters. The erect stems are winged and spiny, and usually have woolly hairs. The leaf blades are hairy to hairless and entire or divided into lobes, and they have spine-toothed edges. The flower heads are solitary or borne in inflorescences of up to 20. The head is spherical to cylindrical and covered in several layers of spreading or curving spine-tipped phyllaries. It contains long, tubular disc florets in shades of white, pink, or purple. The fruit is a cypsela tipped with a pappus of barbed bristles or scales.

Ecology

Several Carduus are notorious invasive plants outside their native range, for example, in Australia[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Carduus Carduus.] PlantNET. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. and the United States.[https://archive.today/20131101030959/http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/ipc/weedinfo/carduus.htm Genus Carduus.] Encycloweedia. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Species such as C. acanthoides, C. nutans, C. pycnocephalus, and C. tenuiflorus easily become weedy in disturbed habitat, such as overgrazed pasture. C. nutans is allelopathic, producing compounds that inhibit the growth and development of other plants.

Agents of biological pest control that have been used against weedy Carduus thistles include the thistle head weevil (Rhinocyllus conicus), thistle crown weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus), and thistle crown fly (Cheilosia corydon). The musk thistle rust (Puccinia carduorum), a fungus, may also be used against C. nutans.

Species

File:20130413Carduus acanthoides1.jpg|Carduus acanthoides

File:Partially opened flower bud of Carduus nutans.jpg|Carduus nutans

File:1398 - Nationalpark Hohe Tauern - Flowers.JPG|Carduus personata

The genus includes 82 accepted species, and several natural hybrids.

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=Formerly placed here=

File:Carduus Keniensis.jpg]]

  • Afrocarduus afromontanus {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus afromontanus {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
  • Afrocarduus keniensis {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus keniensis {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
  • Carduus keniensis × C. platyphyllusYoung, T. P. and M. M. Peacock. (1985). [https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_101558_vegetativekeytothealpinevascul1985/185_1985_Young#page/n0/mode/2up Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya.] Journal of the East African Natural History Society 185, 1–9.
  • Afrocarduus kikuyorum {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus kikuyorum {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
  • Afrocarduus leptacanthus {{small|(Fresen.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus leptacanthus {{small|Fresen.}})
  • Afrocarduus macracanthus {{small|(Kazmi) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus macracanthus {{small|Kazmi}})
  • Afrocarduus millefolius {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus millefolius {{small|R.E.Fr.}})
  • Afrocarduus nyassanus {{small|(S.Moore) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus nyassanus {{small|(S.Moore) R.E.Fr.}})
  • Afrocarduus ruwenzoriensis {{small|(S.Moore) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus ruwenzoriensis {{small|S.Moore}})
  • Afrocarduus schimperi {{small|(Sch.Bip.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus schimperi {{small|Sch.Bip.}})
  • Afrocarduus silvarum {{small|(R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna}} (as Carduus silvarum {{small|R.E.Fr.}})

References

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External links

  • {{Commons category-inline}}
  • [http://ww2.bgbm.org/euroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=133413&PTRefFk=7000000 Carduus.] In: Greuter, W. & E. von Raab-Straube. (Eds.) Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase. 2006.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102181059/http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Carduus.htm Carduus (a genus of thistles).] BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK). Accessed 2013-02-17.

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Category:Asteraceae genera

Category:Butterfly food plants

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Flora of the Palearctic realm