Carl Clauberg#Clauberg test

{{Short description|German gynaecologist and Auschwitz experimenter}}

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{{Infobox military person

| name = Carl Clauberg

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1898|9|28}}

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1957|8|9|1898|9|28}}

| birth_place = Wupperhof, German Empire

| death_place = Kiel, West Germany

| image = Carl Clauberg 1.jpg

| caption = Carl Clauberg (1942)

| nickname =

| allegiance = {{flag|German Empire}} (to 1918)
{{flag|Weimar Republic}} (to 1933)
{{flag|Nazi Germany}}

| branch = 23px Schutzstaffel

| serviceyears =

| rank = 30px 40px
SS-Gruppenführer der Reserve

| commands =

| unit =

| battles =

| awards =

| laterwork =

| spouse =

| parents =

| children =

}}

Carl Clauberg (28 September 1898 – 9 August 1957) was a German gynecologist who conducted medical experiments on (mostly Jewish) human subjects at Auschwitz concentration camp. He worked with Horst Schumann in X-ray sterilization experiments at Auschwitz concentration camp.

In 1945, near the close of WWII, he was captured by the Red Army and sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was released in 1955 under a prisoner exchange agreement, and he returned to Germany and continued to practice medicine. Due to public outcry from Holocaust survivors, Clauberg was arrested in 1955, but died before he could be tried.

Early life

Image:Stefan Krikl-01.jpg from his series Doctors of Death, 1985]]

Carl Clauberg was born in 1898 in Wupperhof (now part of Leichlingen), Rhine Province, into a family of craftsmen.[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/carl-clauberg Carl Clauberg (1898 - 1957)]

Medical career

During the First World War he served as an infantryman. After the war, he studied medicine and eventually reached the rank of chief doctor in the University gynaecological clinic. He joined the Nazi party in 1933{{cite journal |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=Sabine |last2=Benedict |first2=Susan |last3=Miller |first3=Erin |last4=Gaffney |first4=Michael |last5=Grodin |first5=Michael A. |title="Forgotten" Chapters in the History of Transcervical Sterilization: Carl Clauberg and Hans-Joachim Lindemann |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |date=1 July 2017 |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=272–301 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrx018 |pmid=28873982 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/article/72/3/272/3869820 |language=en |issn=0022-5045}} and later was appointed associate professor of gynaecology at the University of Königsberg. He carried out research on female fertility hormones (particularly progesterone) and their application as infertility treatments, obtaining a habilitation for this work in 1937.Robert Jay Lifton, "The Nazi doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide", Basic Books, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0465049059}}; pp. 271–278 of the online edition and references there, http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT271.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209211652/http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT271.shtml |date=2012-12-09 }} He received the rank of SS-Gruppenführer of the Reserve.Robert Jay Lifton: Ärzte im Dritten Reich, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1988, S. 312.

Human experiments at Auschwitz

In 1942 he approached Heinrich Himmler, who knew of him through treatment of a senior SS officer's wife and asked him for

an opportunity to perform mass sterilizations on women for his experiments. Himmler agreed, and in December 1942 Clauberg moved to Auschwitz concentration camp. His laboratory was in a part of the Block 10 in the main camp.{{cite journal |last1=Sweet |first1=Frederick |last2=Csapó-Sweet |first2=Rita M. |title=Clauberg's eponym and crimes against humanity |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |date=December 2012 |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=719–723 |issn=1565-1088|pmid=23393707 }} Clauberg's goal was to find an easy and cheap method to sterilize women. He injected caustic substances into their uteruses without anesthetics.{{cite journal |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=Sabine |last2=Benedict |first2=Susan |last3=Miller |first3=Erin |last4=Gaffney |first4=Michael |last5=Grodin |first5=Michael A. |date=1 July 2017 |title="Forgotten" Chapters in the History of Transcervical Sterilization: Carl Clauberg and Hans-Joachim Lindemann |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/article/72/3/272/3869820 |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |language=en |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=272–301 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrx018 |issn=0022-5045 |pmid=28873982}} His test subjects were Jewish and Romani women, who either directly died or suffered permanent injuries and infections. About 700 women were also successfully sterilized.

Himmler wanted to know how much time it would take to sterilize 1000 Jewish women in that way. Clauberg's answer was satisfactory: One doctor with 10 assistants should be able to conduct sterilization of a few hundred, or even a few thousand, Jews in one day.{{Cite web|url=https://krakowdirect.com/auschwitz-experiments-visit-auschwitz-museum/|title=Auschwitz Experiments - visit Auschwitz Museum|date=2019-08-07|website=Krakow Direct|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-07}}

POW, 1945–1955

When the Red Army approached the camp,{{when|date=June 2017}} Clauberg moved to Ravensbrück concentration camp to continue his experiments on Romani women. Soviet troops captured him there in 1945.

After the war in 1948, Clauberg was put on trial in the Soviet Union and was sentenced to 25 years in prison. In 1955, he was released (but not pardoned) by the Soviet Union under the Adenauer-Bulganin prisoner exchange agreement, with the final group of about 10,000 POWs and civilian internees.

Medical career, arrest and death, 1955–1957

He returned to West Germany, where he was reinstated at his former clinic based on his prewar scientific output. Bizarre behavior, including openly boasting of his "achievements" in "developing a new sterilization technique at the Auschwitz concentration camp", destroyed any chance he might have had of staying unnoticed. In 1955, after public outcry from groups of survivors, Clauberg was arrested. He died before trial on 9 August 1957 in Kiel, Germany.{{cite news | last=(Archiv) | first=DIE ZEIT | title=Schleswig-Holstein: Der Fall Clauberg | newspaper=Die Zeit | date=1955-12-01 | url=https://www.zeit.de/1955/48/der-fall-clauberg | language=de | access-date=2020-01-21}}{{citation | last1=Sweet | first1=F | last2=Csapó-Sweet | first2=RM | title=Clauberg's eponym and crimes against humanity. | journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal | volume=14 | issue=12 | year=2012 | issn=1565-1088 | pmid=23393707 | pages=719–23}}{{cite web|author=Anna-Raphaela Schmitz|date=2011|title=Carl Clauberg (1898–1957) / Ein Mediziner in Auschwitz|url=https://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/carl-clauberg/}}{{cite book | last=Eichmüller | first=Andreas | title=Keine Generalamnestie : die strafrechtliche Verfolgung von NS-Verbrechen in der frühen Bundesrepublik | publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag | location=Munich, Germany | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-486-71739-6 | oclc=882260155 | language=de | pages=135–142|url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/books/9783486717396/9783486717396.135/9783486717396.135.pdf|section=Die Mörder sind unter uns}}{{cite web | title=Medizinversuche in Auschwitz - Clauberg und die Frauen von Block 10 | website=ARTE | date=2020-01-15 | url=https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/072425-000-A/medizinversuche-in-auschwitz/ | language=de | access-date=2020-01-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105645/https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/072425-000-A/medizinversuche-in-auschwitz/ | archive-date=2020-01-25 | url-status=dead }}

Clauberg test

The Clauberg test is an obsolete bioassay to assess progestational activity based on the conversion of proliferative endometrium to secretory endometrium in immature rabbits.{{cite journal| author=Clauberg C |title=Physiologie und Pathologie der Sexualhormone, im Besonderen des Hormons des Corpus luteum. I. Der biologische Test für das Luteumhormon (das spezielle Hormon des Corpus luteum) am infantilen Kaninchen |journal=Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie |year=1930 |volume=54 |pages=2757–2770}}{{cite web |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1176.html| title=Clauberg's method, alt. Clauberg's test| publisher=Whonameit? |access-date=July 11, 2014}}

References

Bibliography

Ernst Klee: Auschwitz, die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer. 3. Auflage. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1997, {{ISBN|3-596-14906-1}}.
Alexander Mitscherlich, Fred Mielke: Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit: Dokumente des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses, 1. Aufl., Heidelberg: Fischer 1960. {{ISBN|3-596-22003-3}}, Taschenbuch wird 2008 in der 16. Auflage vertrieben.
Jürgen Peter: Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozeß im Spiegel seiner Aufarbeitung anhand der drei Dokumentensammlungen von Alexander Mitscherlich und Fred Mielke. Münster 1994. 2. Auflage 1998.
Till Bastian: Furchtbare Ärzte. Medizinische Verbrechen im Dritten Reich. Originalausgabe, 3. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, München 2001, Becksche Reihe; Band 1113, {{ISBN|3-406-44800-3}}.
R. J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors. Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York 1986), {{ISBN|3-608-93121-X}}.
Hermann Langbein: Menschen in Auschwitz. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin Wien, Ullstein-Verlag, 1980, {{ISBN|3-548-33014-2}}.
Hans-Joachim Lang: Die Frauen von Block 10. Medizinische Experimente in Auschwitz. Hamburg 2011. {{ISBN|978-3-455-50222-0}}.

External links

[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007061 Carl Clauberg] at United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Clauberg.html Carl Clauberg] at Jewish Virtual Library

Category:1898 births

Category:1957 deaths

Category:People from Solingen

Category:German mass murderers

Category:Auschwitz concentration camp medical personnel

Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland

Category:Nazi Party politicians

Category:Physicians in the Nazi Party

Category:Nazi human subject research

Category:People from the Rhine Province

Category:Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel

Category:SS-Gruppenführer