Carl Runge
{{Short description|German mathematician and physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Carl Runge
| image = File:Voit 202 Karl Runge.jpg
| image_size = frameless
| caption = Carl David Tolmé Runge
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|8|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bremen, German Confederation
| death_date = {{death date and age|1927|1|3|1856|8|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = Göttingen, Weimar Republic
| citizenship = German
| nationality =
| field = Mathematics
Physics
| work_institution = Leibniz University Hannover (1886–1904)
University of Göttingen (1904–1925)
| alma_mater = Berlin University
| doctoral_advisor = Karl Weierstrass
Ernst Kummer
| doctoral_students = Max Born
Friedrich Adolf Willers
Hermann König
| known_for = Runge–Kutta method
Runge's phenomenon
Runge's theorem
Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector
Schumann–Runge bands
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}
Carl David Tolmé Runge ({{IPA|de|ˈʁʊŋə|lang}}; 30 August 1856 – 3 January 1927) was a German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist.
He was co-developer and co-eponym of the Runge–Kutta method ({{IPA|de|ˈʀʊŋə ˈkʊta}}), in the field of what is today known as numerical analysis.
Life and work
Runge spent the first few years of his life in Havana, where his father Julius Runge was the Danish consul. His mother was Fanny Schwartz Tolmé.{{cite book|author=Tobies, Renate|author-link=Renate Tobies|title=Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDm0eQqFUQ4C&pg=PA439|page=439|date=5 January 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-0348-0251-2}} The family later moved to Bremen, where his father died early (in 1864).
In 1880, he received his Ph.D. in mathematics at Berlin, where he studied under Karl Weierstrass. In 1886, he became a professor at the Technische Hochschule Hannover in Hanover, Germany.
His interests included mathematics, spectroscopy, geodesy, and astrophysics. In addition to pure mathematics, he did experimental work studying spectral lines of various elements (together with Heinrich Kayser), and was very interested in the application of this work to astronomical spectroscopy.
In 1904, on the initiative of Felix Klein he received a call to the University of Göttingen, which he accepted. There he remained until his retirement in 1925.
=Family=
His daughter Iris also became a mathematician and his son Wilhelm was an early developer of radar. Another of his daughters, Nerina (Nina), married the mathematician Richard Courant.
Honors
The crater Runge on the Moon is named after him.
The Schumann–Runge bands of molecular oxygen are named after him and Victor Schumann.
See also
Works
- [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN317854747 Ueber die Krümmung, Torsion und geodätische Krümmung der auf einer Fläche gezogenen Curven] (PhD dissertation, Friese, 1880)
- [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000423691 Praxis der Gleichungen] (G.J. Göschen, Leipzig, 1900)
- [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000423694 Praxis der Gleichungen, zweite, verbesserte Auflage] (W. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1921){{cite journal|last1=Swift|first1=Elijah|title=Book Review: Praxis der Gleichungen|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|volume=29|issue=7|year=1923|pages=327–328|issn=0002-9904|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1923-03742-7|doi-access=free}}
- [http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ABN6667.0001.001 Analytische Geometrie der Ebene] (B.G. Teubner, Leipzig, 1908){{cite journal|last1=Bôcher|first1=Maxime|authorlink=Maxime Bôcher|title=Book Review: Analytische Geometrie der Ebene|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|volume=16|issue=1|year=1909|pages=30–33|issn=0002-9904|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1909-01851-8|doi-access=free}}
- [https://archive.org/details/graphmethods00rungrich Graphical methods; a course of lectures delivered in Columbia university, New York, October, 1909, to January, 1910] (Columbia University Press, New York, 1912)
- Graphische Methoden (Teubner, 1912){{cite journal|last1=Gronwall|first1=T. H.|authorlink=Thomas Hakon Grönwall|title=Book Review: Graphische Methoden|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|volume=22|issue=8|year=1916|pages=407–408|issn=0002-9904|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1916-02812-6|doi-access=free}}
- [https://archive.org/details/graphischenmetho003786mbp Graphische Methoden, dritte Auflage] (Teubner, 1928)
- [https://archive.org/details/vektoranalysis00runggoog/page/n7/mode/2up Vektoranalysis] (S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1919)
- [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005830922 Vector Analysis] (Methuen & Co., London, 1923); translated from 1919 German original by H. Levy
- Carl Runge und Hermann König: [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN373207646 Vorlesungen über numerisches Rechnen] (Springer, Heidelberg, 1924)
Bibliography
- {{cite journal |author=Paschen F |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/ApJ../0069//0000317.000.html |title=Carl Runge |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=69 |pages=317–321 |year=1929 |doi=10.1086/143192 |bibcode=1929ApJ....69..317P}}
- Iris Runge: Carl Runge und sein wissenschaftliches Werk, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1949.
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{commons category|Carl Runge}}
- {{MacTutor Biography|title=Carl David Tolmé Runge|id=Runge}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810122547/http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/anecdotes/runge.html Biography]
- {{MathGenealogy |id=18344}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Runge, Carl}}
Category:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Category:19th-century German mathematicians
Category:19th-century German physicists
Category:Scientists from Bremen (city)
Category:German spectroscopists
Category:Academic staff of the University of Hanover
Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Category:20th-century German mathematicians