Carlisle power stations

Carlisle Corporation sought, and obtained, from the Board of Trade a provisional order to generate and supply electricity to the City of Carlisle in 1895. The {{visible anchor|Carlisle Corporation Electric Lighting Order 1895}}} was confirmed by Parliament in the Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 3) Act 1895 (58 & 59 Vict. c. lxviii).{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1895|title=Local Acts of Parliament 1895|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/changes/chron-tables/local/105|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203140941/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/changes/chron-tables/local/105 |archive-date=3 February 2011 |access-date=21 July 2020|website=legislation.gov}} An electric lighting scheme for the city was designed by Sir Alexander Kennedy and construction of the power station started in 1897.{{Cite book|last=Garcke|first=Emile|title=Manual of Electrical Undertakings vol. 3|publisher=P. S. King and Son|year=1898|isbn=|location=London|pages=136}}

The power station was built by J. W. Laing{{Cite web|last=Heritage Gateway|date=|title=Former Corporation Electric Lighting Station|url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1425470&resourceID=7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224041703/http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1425470&resourceID=7 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=21 July 2020|website=Heritage Gateway}} in James Street at the junction with Nelson Bridge or Victoria Viaduct ({{coord|54|53|24.7|N|2|56|09.6|W}}).Ordnance Survey, 25 inch map Cumberland XXIII.7 (Carlisle) Revised: 1924, Published: 1925 The station shared coaling facilities with the adjacent gas works immediately to the north.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 December 2006|title=Industrial history of Cumbria|url=https://www.cumbria-industries.org.uk/a-z-of-industries/electricity/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103000255/http://www.cumbria-industries.org.uk/a-z-of-industries/electricity/ |archive-date=3 November 2014 |access-date=21 July 2020|website=cumbria-industries}} Water for the power station's condensers was abstracted from, and returned to, the adjacent River Caldew. The station had a single brick chimney and first produced electricity in 1899. In about 1910 the building was extended to the rear. The original generating plant consisted of two 60 kW and two 125-kW steam-driven dynamos. Extensions were made to the plant from time to time as the demand increased, up to 1919, when a 2,000-kW turbo-alternator was installed by the British Thomson-Houston Co.{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_electrical-review_1927-05-27_100_2583 |title=The Electrical Review 1927-05-27: Vol 100 Iss 2583 |date=1927-05-27 |publisher=St. John Patrick Publishers |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}

In 1923, towards the end of its working life, the plant installed at the James Street power station comprised coal-fired boilers producing 87,500 lb/hr (11.02 kg/s) of steam which fed the following generating plant:{{Cite book|last=Electricity Commissioners|title=Electricity Supply - 1920-1923|publisher=HMSO|year=1925|isbn=|location=London|pages=18–21, 266–71}}

• 1 × 1,250 kW turbo-alternator generating AC
• 1 × 2,000 kW turbo-alternator generating AC
• 3 × 500 kW reciprocating engine generating DC
• 2 × 250 kW reciprocating engine generating DC

The total installed generating capacity was 5.25 MW.

Electricity was supplied to customers at 230 & 400 Volt 3-phase 50 Hz AC; 230 & 460 Volt DC; and 520/540 Volt DC for traction current. Electricity was initially used for lighting, replacing gas lamps, but other uses were soon developed.

The City of Carlisle Electric Tramways Co Ltd commissioned the tram system in 1900 taking power from the James Street power station. The tram system operated across the city until it closed in 1931.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=City of Carlisle Electric Tramways Co. Ltd. 1900-1931|url=http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/fleetlists/tramways/carlisle1.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014063547/http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/fleetlists/tramways/carlisle1.htm |archive-date=14 October 2006 |access-date=22 July 2020|website=peter gould}}

In 1923 the power station sold 7,133.9 MWh of electricity. This was distributed to the following users:

The maximum electrical load on the system in 1923 was 3,983 kW and there was a connected load of 11,552 kW. The revenue from the sale of current amounted to £55,039. The surplus of revenue over expenses for the corporation was £23,987.

The constrained James Street site was too small for new larger generating plant to meet the increasing demand for electricity following the First World War. In the decade following the War the national consumption of electricity more than doubled from 3,577.7 GWh in 1919 to 8,746 GWh in 1929. A new power station was built at Willow Holme. The James Street station was closed in 1927. The electricity equipment was removed soon after and the chimney demolished. The building was used as stores, a maintenance depot and offices. An extension was built in 1937 in 'Moderne' style to make more office space and the building was used by the electricity undertaking and later by NORWEB – the area electricity board – until 1987.

The building then became the Carlisle Enterprise Centre. Formal 'listing' of the building as of special architectural or historic interest was rejected in 2015. The grounds for rejection were the building had undergone significant change; the generating equipment had been removed; and there was a lack of architectural interest in the functional eclectic nature of the buildings.

To cater for the increase in demand for electricity following the First World War a large modern power station was built at Willow Holme, or Willowholme (54°54'01.1"N 2°57'31.7"W)Ordnance Survey, 25 inch map Cumberland XXIII.3 (Carlisle) Revised: 1937 to 1938, Published: 1940 on the River Eden West of the municipal sewage works. The site was developed in two phases, low pressure (LP) steam units were installed in 1923–30{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1932|title=Willowholme power station 1932|url=https://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/epw040211?gazetteer=Carlisle&ADMIN_AREA=Carlisle&ref=23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722110244/https://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/epw040211?gazetteer=Carlisle&ADMIN_AREA=Carlisle&ref=23 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020|website=Britain from Above}} and high pressure plant (HP) in 1943–44.{{Cite book|editor-last=Garrett|editor-first=Frederick C. |title=Garcke's Manual of Electricity Supply vol. 56|publisher=Electrical Press|year=1959|isbn=|location=London|pages=A-42, A-116}}

The plant at Willow Holme comprised:

• Coal-fired boilers:
• 1 x 25,000 lb/h (3.15 kg/s) Stirling boiler, operating at 265 psi, 650 °F (18.3 bar, 343 °C)
• 1 x 24,000 lb/h (3.02 kg/s) Stirling boiler, operating at 265 psi, 650 °F (18.3 bar, 343 °C)
• 4 x 19,000 lb/h (2.39 kg/s) Stirling boilers, operating at 265 psi, 650 °F (18.3 bar, 343 °C)
• 5 x 150,000 lb/h (18.9 kg/s) Stirling boilers, operating at 625 psi, 840 °F (43.1 bar, 449 °C)

The total evaporative capacity of the boilers was 875,000 lb/h (110.2 kg/s).

Cooling water for the condensers was abstracted from, and returned to, the River Eden.

The generating plant comprised:

• 2 × 30 MW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternators
• 1 × 15 MW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator
• 1 × 7.2 MW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator
• 1 × 3.6 MW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator
• 1 × 350 kW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator house set
• 1 × 750 kW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator house set

The station had an installed capacity of 86.9 MW and an output capacity of 69 MW.

Under the terms of the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 the Central Electricity Board (CEB) was established.{{Cite book|last=Electricity Council|title=Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom: a Chronology|publisher=Electricity Council|year=1987|isbn=085188105X|location=London|pages=45, 60, 69, 73}} The CEB identified high efficiency 'selected' power station that would supply electricity most effectively; Carlisle became a selected station. The CEB also constructed the National Grid (1927–33) to connect power stations within a region. Carlisle was a node on the major north–south line from Kilmarnock in Scotland to Carlisle, Lancaster, Stoke-on-Trent, Bristol and Hayle Cornwall.{{Cite book |last=Hannah |first=Leslie |title=Electricity before Nationalisation |publisher=Macmillan |year=1979 |isbn=0333220862 |location=London |pages=119, 428}} The connection in Carlisle was at a 132 kV grid substation that was built immediately West of Willow Holme power station. The substation also distributed electricity at 33 kV. When the electricity supergrid was being built in the 1960s the Carlisle substation was connected via a 132 kV line to the 400/275 kV substation at Harker, north of Carlisle.{{Cite web |title=Open Infrastructure Map |url=https://openinframap.org/#13/54.90001/-2.97374|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224195831/https://openinframap.org/ |archive-date=24 December 2016 |access-date=22 July 2020|website=Open Infrastructure Map}}

Upon nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948 under the provisions of the Electricity Act 1947 the Carlisle undertaking was abolished, ownership of Carlisle power station was vested in the British Electricity Authority, and subsequently the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). At the same time the electricity distribution and sales responsibilities of the Carlisle electricity undertaking were transferred to the North Western Electricity Board (NORWEB).

Operating data for Willow Holme power station{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1946|title=Willow Holme Power Station, the Carlisle Corporation Sewage Disposal Works and environs, Willow Holme, 1946|url=https://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/eaw000305|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722092627/https://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/eaw000305 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020|website=Britain from Above}} was as follows:CEGB Annual Report and Accounts 1961, 1962, 1963, Central Electricity Generating Board, London{{Cite book|last=CEGB|title=CEGB Statistical Yearbook 1967 &1972|publisher=CEGB|year=1972|isbn=|location=London|pages=17}}{{Cite book|last=CEGB|title=CEGB Statistical Yearbook 1978-79|publisher=CEGB|year=1979|isbn=0902543598|location=London|pages=8}}Electricity Commission, Generation of Electricity in Great Britain year ended 31st December 1946. London: HMSO, 1947.

With its low thermal efficiency the low pressure (LP) station was used less often (see table) and was decommissioned in 1959–60. By 1971 only two of the HP generating sets were operational (1 × 30 MW and 1 × 32 MW).

By 1980 several new efficient power stations were coming online and the CEGB decommissioned older and less efficient power stations. Carlisle power station was among five stations closed on 27 October 1980.Hansard House of Commons Written Answers Coal-fired Power Stations 16 January 1984. The power station was demolished in about 1988.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=January 1988|title=Old power station Willowholme|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/48746351@N03/5025586303|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 July 2020|website=flickr}} The adjacent 132 kV substation is extant and supplies electricity to Carlisle from the National Grid.

• Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry
• List of power stations in England

{{Reflist}}

{{North West Power Stations}}

Category:Coal-fired power stations in England

Category:Demolished power stations in the United Kingdom

Category:Former power stations in England

Category:Buildings and structures in Carlisle, Cumbria