Carretera Central (Puerto Rico)

{{Infobox road

| header_type = hist

| state = PR

| name = {{lang|es-pr|Carretera Central}}

| translation = Central Highway

| lang = en

| alternate_name = {{lang|es-pr|Carretera Militar}}
Military Highway

| maint = Puerto Rico DTPW

| map =

| allocation =

{{jct|state=PR|PR|1|nolink1=yes}}
{{jct|state=PR|Urban|14|nolink1=yes}}

| length_km = 134

| length_ref = {{rp|7}}

| established = 1898

| direction_a = South

| terminus_a = Avenida Eugenio María de Hostos in Playa

| junction =

{{jct|state=PR|PR|10|Urban|139}} in Machuelo Abajo–Machuelo Arriba
{{jct|state=PR|Sec|149}} in Juana Díaz barrio-pueblo–Lomas
{{jct|state=PR|Sec|138|Sec|153}} in San Ildefonso
{{jct|state=PR|Sec|173}} in Robles–Plata
{{jct|state=PR|Urban|15}} in Cayey barrio-pueblo
{{jct|state=PR|PR|30}} in Bairoa
{{jct|state=PR|PR|17}} in Universidad–Hato Rey Sur
{{jct|state=PR|Urban|23}} in Hato Rey Central–Hato Rey Norte
{{jct|state=PR|Urban|2}} in Santurce
{{jct|state=PR|Urban|16|PR|26}} in Santurce

| direction_b = North

| terminus_b = La Fortaleza in San Juan Antiguo

| municipalities = Ponce, Juana Díaz, Coamo, Aibonito, Cayey, Cidra, Caguas, Guaynabo, San Juan

| previous_type = PR

| previous_route =

| next_type = PR

| next_route =

| embedded = {{Infobox NRHP

| embed = yes

| name = Carretera Central

| nrhp_type = hd

| image =

| caption =

| alt =

| location = Highway 14 from Cayey boundary to Coamo boundary{{efn|The listed portion of the Carretera Central extends into Caguas, Cidra, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Díaz. The roadway route in San Juan and Ponce, as well as a portion in Caguas, was excluded from the National Register listing.}}

| coordinates = {{Coord|18.140756|-66.259532|region:US-PU|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| locmapin = Puerto Rico

| map_caption =

| map_alt =

| area =

| built = 1846–1886

| builder = The Spanish administration

| restored =

| restored_by =

| engineer = Raimundo Camprubí,
Enrique Gadea,
Manuel Maese,
Manuel López de Bayo
Timoteo Luberza

| architecture =

| customarchitect_title =

| customarchitect =

| added = May 2, 2019

| refnum = 100003686

}}

The {{lang|es-pr|Carretera Central}} is a historic north–south central highway in Puerto Rico, linking the cities of San Juan and Ponce by way of Río Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Díaz. It crosses the Cordillera Central. Plans for the road started in the first half of the 19th century, and the road was fully completed in 1898.{{rp|7}} At the time the United States took possession of Puerto Rico in 1898, the Americans called it "the finest road in the Western Hemisphere."Harper's Weekly. New York: Harper and Brothers. Vol LXII. Issue 2188. 26 November 1898. p.1163.

A portion of the Carretera Central from partway through Caguas to the end of Juana Díaz was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2019.

Route description

The highway runs from the north coast city of San Juan to the south coast city of Ponce via Río Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo, and Juana Díaz. The highway corridor is now signed as Puerto Rico Highway 14 from Ponce to Cayey, and as Puerto Rico Highway 1 from Cayey to San Juan.{{rp|7}}

(San Juan, Puerto Rico, and vicinity, 1901-1903- The Military Road (between mountain and stream)).jpg|Carretera Central between mountain and stream (circa 1901–1903)

Carretera PR-14, Aibonito, Puerto Rico.jpg|Carretera Central in Aibonito

History

In the 1820s, the Spanish colonial government in Puerto Rico, under the direction of Governor Miguel de la Torre took the first steps for building a highway connecting the towns of San Juan and Río Piedras{{efn|Río Piedras, today a part of San Juan, was a distinct town and municipality until 1951.}} and incorporating temporary wooden bridges for river crossings.{{rp|4}}

During the 1830s an unpaved wagon road was built linking Ponce, Juana Díaz and Coamo to satisfy the commercial sugar production needs of that area.{{rp|4}} In 1846 a new masonry bridge was built by Spanish engineer Santiago Cortijo to connect the capital city island of San Juan with the rest of the Puerto Rico mainland. Meanwhile, construction of a 41-kilometer macadam highway between San Juan and Caguas, designed by Colonel engineer Diego Galvez, was begun. Construction of the San Juan-Caguas span was first under the direction of Colonel Tulio O'Neill and was later completed, in 1853, under Commander Santiago Cortijo. After the completion of the bridge over the Río Piedras river in 1853, the construction project completed bridges over Quebrada Frailes in 1855, the Concepción Bridge over Caguas's Río Cañas in 1856, and the bridge over the Caguas's Cagüitas River in 1857.{{rp|5}}

In 1858 Puerto Rican civil engineer Timoteo Luberza designed the paved highway between Coamo, at the southern foothills of Cordillera Central, and Juana Díaz, its first neighboring town due southwest, for the municipality of Coamo. Three years later, by 1861, a fair portion of this highway had already been completed.{{rp|5}}

The most challenging segment of Carretera Central, the one involving the mountainous segment between Caguas in the north and Coamo in the south, was built under the 1859 General Highway Plan, a complete highway plan to connect the coastal town with those in the mountainous interior. The plan was approved by the Spanish Crown in 1860 and it included the creation of "first order" and "second order" highways. In 1860, the central government commissioned engineer Niceto Blajot to design the paved version of Carretera Central between Ponce and Juana Díaz, which until then was a dirt and gravel road.{{rp|6}}

The then-municipal highways connecting Ponce, Juana Díaz and Coamo were made part of the state-run Carretera Central between 1875 and 1880. Meanwhile, the first stretch of road built exclusively under the Delegation of Public Works (equivalent to a department of public works) was the northern mountainside segment between Caguas and Cayey. This segment was started in 1875 and completed in 1881 under the direction of site engineers Raimundo Camprubi and Enrique Gadea-Giraldez. It was designed by engineer Manuel Lopez-Bayo.{{rp|7}}

On the southern mountainside of Cordillera Central, the stretch from Coamo to Aibonito was designed by Timoteo Luberza in 1861. Construction started in 1874 under Ricardo Campubri. It included 7.5 kilometers of the steep Asomante slopes, and was completed in 1881. The width of the road in this stretch was reduced from 6.5 meters to 6.0 meters, to reduce costs associated with building in such steep terrain. The segment between Aibonito and Cayey was designed by Manuel Lope-Bayo, begun in 1879 and completed in 1886. It included bridges over Quebrada Honda and Quebrada Toíta. As in the Coamo to Aibonito stretch, the stretch from Aibonito to Cayey has a width of 6.0 meters instead of 6.5 meters. The stretch was so treacherous that it was the last to be completed and the most expensive.{{rp|7}} It soon acquired the popular name La Piquiña.

Functional by 1886, Carretera Central was the first highway to cross Puerto Rico's east–west mountain range, the Cordillera Central. In 1886, it was a {{convert|134|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} route with 13 permanent bridges and 33 {{lang|es-pr|casillas de camineros}} (housing for road maintenance technicians).{{rp|7}} Contests were held for which roads had been best maintained, so that workers could be properly recognized and rewarded.

The Arenas Bridge, constructed in 1894 to bring the Carretera Central across the Río de la Plata, was the longest bridge constructed in Puerto Rico under Spanish government.

Macadamized "from end to end...into an almost solid floor," when the United States took possession of Puerto Rico in 1898, the editors of the American Harper's Weekly publication called Carretera Central, which was also known as Carretera Militar, "the finest road in the Western Hemisphere."

The road, spanning the entire length between San Juan and Ponce, was fully completed in 1898 and christened Carretera Central.{{rp|7}}

=Other facts=

In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, American forces moved from south to north over the Carretara Central. One bridge was demolished by the Spanish to delay the American advance.{{rp|12}}

National Register of Historic Places

As one of the first modern roadways in Puerto Rico, being built from 1846 to 1886, and regarded as one of the finest roads in the Americas for years after its completion, a portion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. The listed portion of the road, from Caguas to Juana Díaz, includes the exceptionally challenging engineering through the {{lang|es-pr|Cordillera Central}}, 11 major bridges, 14 maintenance workers' houses,{{efn|name=casillas|{{langx|es|casillas de caminero}}.}} and numerous other roadway structures.

Antigua Caseta de los Camineros en la Ave. Tito Castro (PR-14), Barrio Machuelo Abajo, Ponce, PR (DSC04978).jpg|A former {{lang|es-pr|Casilla de Caminero}} on PR-14 (now Avenida Tito Castro) in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Puente de las Calabazas, Coamo, Puerto Rico.jpg|Puente de las Calabazas in Coamo (PR-14, near km 38.8)

Major intersections

Note: kilometer markers represent the distance along the current Puerto Rico numbered highways rather than the original Carretera Central.

{{PRint

|municipality=Ponce

|munspan=4

|location=Playa

|ctdab=Ponce

|lspan=2

|km=

|road=Avenida Hostos

|notes=Southern terminus of the Carretera Central; dead end road

}}

{{PRint

|km=1.6

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|123|noshield1=y}}

|type=trans

|notes=Southern terminus through PR-123; unsigned

}}

{{PRint

|location1=Primero

|location2=Cuarto

|km=4.6

|line=yes

|km2=0.0

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|14|name1=|dir1=north}}

|type=trans

|notes=One-way street; northern terminus through PR-123 and western terminus through PR-14

}}

{{PRint

|municipality=Cayey

|munspan=4

|location1=Cayey barrio-pueblo

|location2=Monte Llano

|ctdab2=Cayey

|lspan=2

|km=73.1

|line=yes

|km2=55.5

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|1|name1=|city1=Caguas|city2=Aibonito}}

|type=trans

|notes=Eastern terminus through PR-14 and southern terminus through PR-1

}}

{{PRint

|km=55.3

|line=yes

|km2=2.7

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|735|dir1=north|city1=Cidra}}

|type=trans

|notes=Seagull intersection; northern terminus through PR-1 and southern terminus through PR-735

}}

{{PRint

|location=Vegas

|ctdab=Cayey

|km=0.0

|line=yes

|km2=53.6

|road={{jct|state=PR|Sec|1}}

|type=trans

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-735 and southern terminus through PR-1; access to Caguas and Salinas

}}

{{PRint

|municipality=Caguas

|munspan=2

|location=Bairoa

|ctdab=Caguas

|km=30.5

|line=yes

|km2=4.6

|road={{jct|state=PR|Ter|798}}

|type=trans

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-1 and southern terminus through PR-798

}}

{{PRint

|municipality=San Juan

|location=Quebrada Arenas

|ctdab=San Juan

|km=0.0

|line=yes

|km2=25.9

|road={{jct|state=PR|Sec|1|name1=Carretera Felipe "La Voz" Rodríguez|dir1=north}}

|type=incomplete

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-798 and southern terminus through PR-1; no access to PR-1 south; no access from PR-1

}}

{{PRint

|municipality=Guaynabo

|munspan=3

|location=Río

|ctdab=Guaynabo

|lspan=3

|km=23.3

|line=yes

|km2=2.3

|road={{jct|state=PR|Ter|173|Ter|8834|city1=Aguas Buenas}}

|type=trans

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-1 and southern terminus through PR-8834; access to Hato Nuevo and Sonadora

}}

{{PRint

|km=1.5

|road={{jct|state=PR|Ter|834}}

|notes=Eastern terminus of PR-834; access to Hato Nuevo and Sonadora

}}

{{PRint

|km=0.0

|line=yes

|km2=21.0

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|1|name1=|Ter|169|to3=y|PR|20|name3=|city1=Río Piedras|city2=Caguas|city3=Guaynabo|location4=Camarones}}

|type=trans

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-8834 and southern terminus through PR-1; PR-20 access is via PR-1 south

}}

{{PRint

|municipality=San Juan

|munspan=16

|location=Tortugo

|km=19.3

|line=yes

|km2=1.7

|road={{jct|state=PR|Ter|873|noshield1=y}}

|type=trans

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-1 and southern terminus through PR-873; unsigned

}}

{{PRint

|location=Caimito

|km=0.0

|line=yes

|km2=17.7

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|1|name1=|dir1=south|Urban|199|dir2=east|road|Calle Turquesa (unsigned)}}

|type=incomplete

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-873 and southern terminus through PR-1; no access to PR-199 west; PR-1 north access is via PR-199 east; access to San Juan, Caguas and Trujillo Alto

}}

{{PRint

|location=Monacillo Urbano

|lspan=3

|km=15.0

|km2=14.6

|road={{jct|state=PR|PR|18|name1=Expreso Las Américas|dir1=north|city1=San Juan|city2=Bayamón}}

{{jct|state=PR|PR|52|name1=|dir1=south|city1=Caguas|city2=Ponce}}

|type=incomplete

|notes=Interchange; northern terminus through PR-1; no access to PR-52 from northbound

}}

{{PRint

|km=1.2

|road={{jct|state=PR|Ter|8838}}

|notes=Southern terminus through PR-8838

}}

{{PRint

|location=El Cinco

|km=3.3

|line=yes

|km2=12.5

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|1|name1=|dir1=north}}

|type=incomplete

|notes=Northern terminus through PR-8838 and southern terminus through PR-1; PR-1 south access (to Caguas) is at km 3.0; access to Río Piedras and Carolina

}}

{{Jctbridge

|location_special=Río Piedras

|km=12.3

|bridge=Puente de Río Piedras

|notes=

}}

{{PRint

|location=Hato Rey Sur

|km=12.1

|km2=12.0

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|3|noshield1=y|name1=|dir1=|city1=Río Piedras|city2=Carolina}}

|notes=Interchange; northern terminus through PR-1; unsigned

}}

{{PRint

|location1=Pueblo

|ctdab1=San Juan

|location2=Hato Rey Sur

|km=11.1

|road={{jct|state=PR|Urban|3|noshield1=y|name1=|dir1=west|to2=y|Urban|1|noshield2=y|name2=|dir2=north}}

|type=incomplete

|notes=Southern terminus through PR-25; PR-3 west exit and PR-1 north entrance (to Hato Rey); unsigned

}}

{{PRint

|location=San Juan Antiguo

|lspan=2

|km=0.0

|road=Old San Juan (Calle de la Fortaleza, Calle del Recinto Sur)

|type=incomplete

|notes=One-way streets; northern terminus through PR-25; PR-25P access is near km 0.2

}}

{{PRint

|km=

|place=Northern terminus of the Carretera Central at La Fortaleza

}}

Notes

References

{{Reflist|refs=

[https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-20190503.htm PUERTO RICO, CAGUAS MUNICIPALITY, Carretera Central, PR-1 from km. 40 to 55.4, PR-735 from km. 0.0 to 2.5 & PR-14 from km. 10.0 to 74.0, Caguas, SG100003686, LISTED, May 2, 2019.] National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. US Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C. Weekly List # 20190503. 3 May 2019. Accessed 1 August 2020.

{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/18.377533,-66.0700294/18.396442,-66.0530355/@18.3869474,-66.070245,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m17!4m16!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-66.065883!2d18.384023!3s0x8c03686919c1eea5:0x88f26e8396348860!3m4!1m2!1d-66.055088!2d18.394955!3s0x8c03687da80cda53:0x4ef37827b7a553a1!1m0!2m2!1b1!2b1!3e0|title=Carretera Central east|access-date=April 3, 2020}}

{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/18.3970233,-66.0529895/18.4642695,-66.1189828/@18.431694,-66.1031029,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!4m4!2m2!1b1!2b1!3e2|title=Carretera Central north|access-date=April 3, 2020}}

{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/18.3010789,-66.0619911/18.3774841,-66.070313/@18.3391867,-66.1153559,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m22!4m21!1m15!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0648984!2d18.3033806!3s0x8c034323f7a5de19:0xa930c4407a579369!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0947269!2d18.317764!3s0x8c0342ff669758b5:0xec79650a726e7aa9!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0881205!2d18.3572779!3s0x8c03682a010b5505:0x75252590475cbabc!1m0!2m2!1b1!2b1!3e2|title=Carretera Central south|access-date=April 3, 2020}}

{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/17.9795528,-66.6215476/18.300642,-66.0618275/@18.1401409,-66.4684142,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m57!4m56!1m50!3m4!1m2!1d-66.6065084!2d18.0173606!3s0x8c1cd584c1a6049d:0xc93a7e1898a6c155!3m4!1m2!1d-66.2597522!2d18.1407099!3s0x8c03363f52888a1f:0x965792b0e54287fb!3m4!1m2!1d-66.1780087!2d18.1202999!3s0x8c03497212a0d1ed:0xe909c2e3a018b108!3m4!1m2!1d-66.1636835!2d18.113434!3s0x8c03494294adc0a5:0xdbdcb06a5dcf4bb3!3m4!1m2!1d-66.1360262!2d18.1362861!3s0x8c034ed3f5df384f:0x7610d732c82ccd45!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0377444!2d18.2290506!3s0x8c035b302d6e2035:0x68b3c288263c2ad1!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0359228!2d18.2495778!3s0x8c035b4fc2305a97:0x49cc2071c5c26e91!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0406835!2d18.2775865!3s0x8c035cb3df89b71b:0x390d4fe3db26b0da!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0433206!2d18.2858514!3s0x8c035cca6375cd87:0xe1bc4c4c670a3f0b!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0617469!2d18.2979053!3s0x8c03433b293d9a85:0x8dd782705f3b9111!1m0!2m2!1b1!2b1!3e2|title=Carretera Central southwest|access-date=April 3, 2020}}

{{Cite web|url=http://edicionesdigitales.info/CasillasPR/CasillasPR/vision_y_estilos.html|title=Nuestras Casillas de Camineros - Visión general y estilos|first=José A. |last=Mari Mutt|website=edicionesdigitales info|language=es}}

{{cite web |title=Tránsito Promedio Diario (AADT) |url=http://act.dtop.pr.gov/index.php/download/traffic-data-report-2000-2009/?wpdmdl=528 |website=Transit Data (Datos de Transito) |publisher=DTOP PR |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401220153/act.dtop.pr.gov/index.php/download/traffic-data-report-2000-2009/?wpdmdl=528 |archive-date=April 1, 2019}}

{{cite web |url={{NRHP url|id=64500544}} |title=Historic Bridges of Puerto Rico MPS |date=July 31, 1994 |first=Luis F. |last=Pumarada O'Neill |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=14 February 2018}}

Paul G. Miller. Historia de Puerto Rico. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally & Compañia. 1992. Page 326.

{{cite web|url=https://www.noticel.com/vida/memoria-viva/memoria-viva-la-carretera-central-de-puerto-rico/1084637970|title=Memoria Viva: la Carretera Central de Puerto Rico|first=Juan R.|last=Costa|date=9 June 2019|website=NOTICEL|access-date=12 June 2019|language=es}}

{{cite web |title=Historic Places in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: A Travel Itinerary: Arenas Bridge |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/travel/prvi/pr11.htm |publisher=National Park Service}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.geoisla.com/2019/06/documento-de-inclusion-de-la-carretera-central-en-el-rnlh-2019|title=NRHP Nomination Form Carretera Central|access-date=Aug 1, 2020}}

{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/acd4789.0005.051.umich.edu|title=Las Carreteras de Puerto Rico Comparadas con las de los Estados Unidos |first= Ramón |last=Gandía Córdova |magazine=Revista de Obras Públicas de Puerto Rico|date=17 July 1924|language=es|publisher=San Juan|page=1545|via=Internet Archive}}

[http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/nota/lacentenariarutadelapiquina-1005066/ La centenaria ruta de la Piquiña.] El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 1 July 2011. Accessed 25 May 2016.

{{cite web |url=https://app.box.com/s/rm8asi7uz7k179at3vs3 |title=Los Puentes Históricos de Puerto Rico |author=Luis F. Pumarada O’Neill |year=1991 |format=PDF |page=41 |language=es |access-date=April 3, 2020}}

[https://www.geoisla.com/2019/06/documento-de-inclusion-de-la-carretera-central-en-el-rnlh-2019 Documento de inclusión de la Carretera Central en el RNLH (2019).] Geo-Isla. 2020. p. 51. Accessed 1 August 2020.

}}

External links

[http://edicionesdigitales.info/biblioteca/ingenierosespanoles.pdf Ingenieros de Caminos en Puerto Rico: 1866-1898.] Fernando Saenz Ridruejo. "Anuario de Estudios Atlanticos." ISSN 0570-4065. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (2009). No 55. pp. 311–342. Accessed 7 June 2018.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ6a3MDCRRkC&pg=RA1-PA19 Bulletin #354. "Forests of Porto Rico: Past, Present and Future, and their Physical and Economic Environments."] Louis S. Murphy. 20 October 1916. Page 19. (U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Division of Publications. Department Bulletins #351-375. 1917.) Retrieved 8 August 2013.
[http://www.prfrogui.com/home/mapasPR3.htm Historia de las Carreteras de Puerto Rico: 1857-La Carretera Central.] Primera Hora. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2014. {{in lang|es}}
{{cite book |url=http://www.edicionesdigitales.info/biblioteca/pumarada.pdf |title=La carretera central: un viaje escenico a la historia de Puerto Rico |last1=Pumarada O'Neill |first1=Luis |last2=Castro Arroyo |first2=Maria de los Angeles |date=September 1997 |publisher=Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico |access-date=1 April 2018 |isbn=0965001121 |language=es |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510065127/http://www.edicionesdigitales.info/biblioteca/pumarada.pdf |url-status=dead }}
Castillo, J. A. 1929–1930. [http://edicionesdigitales.info/carrcentralfotos/Castillo.pdf Historia de la Carretera Central.] Revista de Obras Públicas. Diciembre 1929 a junio 1930. {{in lang|es}} Accessed 24 July 2020.
Ortueta-Hilberath, E. de. 2000. Modelos de casillas de peones camineros. Actas Tercer Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción, Sevilla. https://web.archive.org/web/20110905135556/http://gilbert.aq.upm.es/sedhc/biblioteca_digital/Congresos/CNHC3/CNHC3_086.pdf {{in lang|es}}
Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte. España. [http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/search Portal de archivos españoles (PARES).] {{in lang|es}} Accessed 24 July 2020.
Pumarada O'Neill, Luis and Castro Arroyo, Maria de los Angeles. 1996. La Carretera Central: un viaje escénico a la historia de Puerto Rico. Publicado por el Centro de Investigación de Desarrollo del Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, para la Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico. 88 pp. {{ISBN|0-9650011-2-1}}. http://www.edicionesdigitales.info/biblioteca/pumarada.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510065127/http://www.edicionesdigitales.info/biblioteca/pumarada.pdf |date=10 May 2017 }} {{in lang|es}}
Rivera-Ruiz, A. B. 2001. By the side of the road: an interpretive look at road menders’ houses. M. A. Thesis, College of William and Mary, 79 pp. http://edicionesdigitales.info/biblioteca/tesiscasillasaidabelen.pdf
José A. Mari Mut. [http://edicionesdigitales.info/carrcentral/carrcentral.pdf De San Juan a Ponce por la Carretera Central.] 2011. {{in lang|es}} Accessed 24 July 2020.
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