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Castilleja scabrida

{{Short description|Plant species in the broomrape family}}

{{Speciesbox

| image = Castilleja scabrida - ladyliatris 01.jpg

| image_alt = Small plant with feathery, bright red bracts on dry, bare soil

| image_caption = C. scabrida var. scabrida, Capitol Reef National Park, Utah

| status = {{TNCStatus}}

| status_system = TNC

| status_ref = {{sfn|NatureServe 2024a}}

| genus = Castilleja

| species = scabrida

| authority = Eastw.

| subdivision_ranks = Varieties

| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|POWO 2024a}}

| subdivision = {{Species list

| C. scabrida var. barnebyana | (Eastw.) N.H.Holmgren

| C. scabrida var. scabrida |

}}

| synonyms_ref = {{sfn|POWO 2024b}}{{sfn|POWO 2024c}}

| synonyms = {{Species list

| Castilleja barnebyana |

| Castilleja calcicola |

| Castilleja zionis |

}}

}}

Castilleja scabrida, commonly known as rough paintbrush or Eastwood paintbrush, is a species of plant in Castilleja, the paintbrush genus from the Intermountain West mainly in the states of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.

Description

Castilleja scabrida is a perennial plant that grows herbaceous stems from a woody caudex with either a taproot or thick, branched roots.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}} Stems usually reach {{convert|7 to 15|cm|sp=us}}, but occasionally as much as {{cvt|20|cm}}, but are decumbent, growing along the ground with upturned ends. Usually there are several stems without branches in each group.{{sfn|Cronquist et al. 1984|p=490}} Branching may occur in response to injury of growing stems. Though they do not usually branch, they can occasionally have small leafy shoots where the main leaves attach to the stems. The stems are covered in short, stiff, somewhat white hairs that do not have glands.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}}

Leaves are most often gray-green, but occasionally reddish-purple or fully green.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}} The lowest leaves are small, lack chlorophyll, and resemble scales or bracts on a tenth to quarter of the stem.{{sfn|Welsh et al. 1987|p=571}}{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}} The more fully developed leaves are 1.5 to 5 centimeters long and are linar to lanceolate, narrow and grass like to resembling a spear head, in shape. All the leaves can have smooth edges or the upper most leaves may have one or occasionally two pairs of side lobes.{{sfn|Cronquist et al. 1984|p=490}} The lobes may spread outwards or curve upwards.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}}

The inflorescence of the rough paintbrush is the most vividly colored of its genus.{{sfn|Mee et al. 2003|p=103}} It is densely packed with flowers and hairy.{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=693}} The bracts surrounding the flowers are green or green-purple towards the base and usually bright red towards their ends, but can sometimes be brick-red or orange-red. They are linear to lanceolate and usually have three or five lobes, but will sometimes have seven. Their length is 2.5 to 10 cm and have a width of 2.5 to 5 cm.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}} They are more leaf like near the bottom of the inflorescence and become shorter and wider towards the top. The calyx, the sepals, are 19 to 30 mm long and divided into lobes.{{sfn|Cronquist et al. 1984|p=490}}

Taxonomy

Castilleja scabrida is a species in the Castilleja genus in the Orobanchaceae family.{{sfn|WFO 2024}} The scientific description and name of Castilleja scabrida was published in 1902 by the self-taught botanist Alice Eastwood.{{sfn|POWO 2024a}} The specimens described by Eastwood were collected in Grand Junction, Colorado by Mr. H.C. Long in the spring of 1890.{{sfn|Eastwood|1902|p=523}} Later, in 1941, Eastwood described a species she named Castilleja barnebyana that was reclassified by Noel H. Holmgren as a variety of C. scabrida in 1984.{{sfn|POWO 2024b}}

=Varieties=

Castilleja scabrida has two accepted varieties.{{sfn|POWO 2024a}}

==''Castilleja scabrida'' var. ''barnebyana''==

File:Castilleja scabrida var. barnebyana - Matt Berger 01.jpg]]

The leaves of this variety are more green in color, rarely reddish-purple or gray green. It grows on calcareous rocks.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}} It is only found in the mountains of eastern Nevada and western Utah. It most often is a parasite of Petrophytum caespitosum, mat rock spiraea. Often its stems emerge from within a clump of rock spiraea, though it will also be found with other plants.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020b}}

==''Castilleja scabrida'' var. ''scabrida''==

The leaves of this variety are more often grayish in color.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}} Its range is mostly in the high deserts and mountains of Utah and western Colorado, but it does reach a few small areas of Arizona and New Mexico adjacent to the Four Corners. It most often grows on sandstone or soils derived from sandstones, but is sometimes found on clay soils or cryptogamic soils.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020c}}

=Synonyms=

Castilleja scabrida has three synonyms:{{sfn|POWO 2024b}}{{sfn|POWO 2024c}}

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" id="Synonyms"

|+ class="nowrap" | Table of Synonyms

! Name

! Year

! Synonym of:

! Notes

Castilleja barnebyana {{small|Eastw.}}

| 1941

| var. barnebyana

| ≡ hom.

Castilleja calcicola {{small|Pennell}}

| 1959

| var. barnebyana

| = het.

Castilleja zionis {{small|Eastw.}}

| 1941

| var. scabrida

| = het.

colspan=5 style="text-align: left;" | Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

=Names=

The species name scabrida means "rough", referring to the stiff hairs covering the stems and leaves. In English it is also known by the related common name rough paintbrush and is also known as sandstone paintbrush or slickrock paintbrush.{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=693}}{{sfn|Luna|2005|p=67}} Additionally, it is sometimes called Eastwood paintbrush, a reference to Alice Eastwood, the botanist who described the species.{{sfn|Welsh et al. 1987|p=571}}

Range and habitat

It is native to five western US states, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020b}}{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020c}} It is only rarely found in Apache County, Arizona and San Juan County, New Mexico. It is much more commonly encountered in Utah and southwestern Colorado.{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=693}} It grows at elevations from {{convert|1200 to 2800|m|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020c}}

Usually found on slopes and rock outcrops in open pinyon-juniper woodlands.{{sfn|Cronquist et al. 1984|p=490}}

=Conservation=

Castilleja scabrida was evaluated by NatureServe in 1990 and rated as apparently secure (G4). At the state level they rated it as vulnerable (G3) in Nevada and Utah, but did not evaluate it in other states.{{sfn|NatureServe 2024a}} While variety scabrida was also evaluated as apparently secure,{{sfn|NatureServe 2024b}} they evaluated variety barnebyana as a vulnerable variety (T3) in 1998. It was also rated as vulnerable in Nevada and imperiled (S2) in Utah.{{sfn|NatureServe 2024c}}

Ecology

The seeds of Castilleja scabrida require cold stratification before germination. In a study germination rates increased with length of prechill treatment up to sixteen weeks. Temperatures of {{convert|3|C|F}} or less were required for good germination.{{sfn|Mogensen|Allen|Meyer|2001|p=145, 149}} Ideal temperatures for germination are {{cvt|21 to 25|C|F}} during the day and {{cvt|10 to 16|C|F}} at night.{{sfn|Luna|2005|p=67}} In controlled experiments C. scabrida, like orange paintbrush (Castilleja integra) and desert paintbrush (Castilleja chromosa), it was tolerant of being without a host species for short periods.{{sfn|Love|McCammon|2017|p=262, 265}}

Uses

Rough paintbrush has high potential as a garden species. In experiments it was relatively tolerant of garden operations like transplantation and its seeds have a moderate germination rate in greenhouse flats.{{sfn|Love|McCammon|2017|p=253, 255, 262, 265}}

See also

Citations

{{Reflist|25em}}

References

;Books

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{Cite book |last1=Cronquist |first1=Arthur |author-link1=Arthur Cronquist |last2=Holmgren |first2=Arthur H. |last3=Holmgren |first3=Noel H. |last4=Reveal |first4=James L. |author-link4=James L. Reveal |last5=Holmgren |first5=Patricia K. |author-link5=Patricia Kern Holmgren |date=1984 |title=Intermountain Flora : Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. |url=https://archive.org/details/intermountainflo0000unse/page/490 |url-access=registration |language=en |volume=4. Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae) |edition=First |location=Bronx, New York |publisher=New York Botanical Garden |pages=488–490 |isbn=978-0-231-04120-1 |oclc=320442 |access-date=12 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Cronquist et al. 1984}}}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Heil |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=O'Kane |first2=Steve L. Jr. |last3=Reeves |first3=Linda Mary |last4=Clifford |first4=Arnold |date=2013 |title=Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n710 |language=en |edition=First |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |pages=693 |isbn=978-1-930723-84-9 |issn=0161-1542 |lccn=2012949654 |oclc=859541992 |access-date=12 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Heil et al. 2013}}}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Mee |first1=Wendy |last2=Barnes |first2=Jared |last3=Kjelgren |first3=Roger |last4=Sutton |first4=Richard |last5=Cerny |first5=Teresa |last6=Johnson |first6=Craig |date=2003 |chapter=Forbs |title=Water Wise: Native Plants for Intermountain Landscapes |language=en |location=Logan, Utah |publisher=Utah State University Press |pages=71–176 |isbn=978-0-87421-561-8 |jstor=j.ctt5vkjtx.7 |jstor-access=free |oclc=52182474 |ref={{sfnref|Mee et al. 2003}}}}
  • {{Cite book |last1=Welsh |first1=Stanley L. |author-link1=Stanley Larson Welsh |last2=Atwood |first2=N. Duane |last3=Goodrich |first3=Sherel |last4=Higgins |first4=Larry C. |date=1987 |title=A Utah Flora |url=https://archive.org/details/utahflora0000unse/page/571 |url-access=registration |series=Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, No. 9 |language=en |edition=First |location=Provo, Utah |publisher=Brigham Young University |page=571 |jstor=23377658 |oclc=9986953694 |access-date=12 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Welsh et al. 1987}}}}

{{Refend}}

;Journals

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{Cite journal |last1=Eastwood |first1=Alice |author-link1=Alice Eastwood |date=1902 |title=New Western Plants |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/719442 |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |language=en |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=523–525 |doi=10.2307/2478873 |doi-access=free |jstor=2478873 |issn=0040-9618 |access-date=12 December 2024}}
  • {{Cite journal |last1=Love |first1=Stephen L |last2=McCammon |first2=Tony A |date=2017 |title=Compatible host/parasite pairs enhance propagation of paintbrush (Castilleja spp.) |journal=Native Plants Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=252–265 |doi=10.3368/npj.18.3.252 |issn=1522-8339 |jstor=26450515}}
  • {{Cite journal |last1=Luna |first1=Tara |date=2005 |title=Propagation Protocol for Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja Species) |url=https://rngr.net/npn/journal/articles/propagation-protocol-for-indian-paintbrush-castillega-species/at_download/file |journal=Native Plants Journal |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.1353/npj.2005.0026 |access-date=18 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218162215/https://rngr.net/npn/journal/articles/propagation-protocol-for-indian-paintbrush-castillega-species/at_download/file |archive-date=18 December 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{Cite journal |last1=Mogensen |first1=Susana H. A. C. |last2=Allen |first2=Phil S. |last3=Meyer |first3=Susan E. |date=2001 |title=Prechill Temperature and Duration are Important in Determining Seed Quality for 12 Wildflowers |journal=Seed Technology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=145–150 |issn=1096-0724 |jstor=23433047}}

{{Refend}}

;Websites

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{cite web |url=http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_scabrida |title=Castilleja scabrida |last1=Egger |first1=J. Mark |last2=Zika |first2=Peter F. |last3=Wilson |first3=Barbara L. |last4=Brainerd |first4=Richard E. |last5=Otting |first5=Nick |date=29 July 2020 |orig-date=2019 |website=Flora of North America |page=654 |language=en |isbn=978-0190868512 |oclc=1101573420 |access-date=6 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307033029/http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_scabrida |archive-date=7 March 2021 |ref={{sfnref|Egger et al. 2020a}}}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_scabrida_var._barnebyana |title=Castilleja scabrida var. barnebyana |last1=Egger |first1=J. Mark |last2=Zika |first2=Peter F. |last3=Wilson |first3=Barbara L. |last4=Brainerd |first4=Richard E. |last5=Otting |first5=Nick |date=29 July 2020 |orig-date=2019 |website=Flora of North America |page=655 |language=en |isbn=978-0190868512 |oclc=1101573420 |access-date=6 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307024504/http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_scabrida_var._barnebyana |archive-date=7 March 2021 |ref={{sfnref|Egger et al. 2020b}}}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_scabrida_var._scabrida |title=Castilleja scabrida var. scabrida |last1=Egger |first1=J. Mark |last2=Zika |first2=Peter F. |last3=Wilson |first3=Barbara L. |last4=Brainerd |first4=Richard E. |last5=Otting |first5=Nick |date=29 July 2020 |orig-date=2019 |website=Flora of North America |page=654 |language=en |isbn=978-0190868512 |oclc=1101573420 |access-date=6 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307014507/http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_scabrida_var._scabrida |archive-date=7 March 2021 |ref={{sfnref|Egger et al. 2020c}}}}
  • {{Cite NatureServe |date=6 December 2024|id=2.149037 |title=Castilleja scabrida |access-date=12 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|NatureServe 2024a}}}}
  • {{Cite NatureServe |date=6 December 2024|id=2.132906 |title=Castilleja scabrida var. barnebyana |access-date=12 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|NatureServe 2024b}}}}
  • {{Cite NatureServe |date=6 December 2024|id=2.141306 |title=Castilleja scabrida var. scabrida |access-date=12 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|NatureServe 2024c}}}}
  • {{cite POWO |id=49720-2 |title=Castilleja scabrida Eastw. |access-date=6 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2024a}}}}
  • {{cite POWO |id=923094-1 |title=Castilleja scabrida var. barnebyana (Eastw.) N.H.Holmgren |access-date=6 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2024b}}}}
  • {{cite POWO |id=77228225-1 |title=Castilleja scabrida var. scabrida |access-date=6 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2024c}}}}
  • {{Cite WFO |title=Castilleja scabrida Eastw. |id=0000590528 |access-date=6 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|WFO 2024}}}}

{{Refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15348580}}

scabrida

Category:Flora of Arizona

Category:Flora of Colorado

Category:Flora of New Mexico

Category:Flora of Nevada

Category:Flora of Utah