Catholicisation

{{Multiple image|total_width = 600 | image1 = Religie w I Rz-plitej 1573.svg | image2 = Religie w I Rz-plitej 1750.svg |footer = Christian denominations in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth before (1573) and after (1750) the campaign of Catholicisation{{image reference needed|date=January 2020}} }}

{{see also|Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples}}

The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples ({{langx|la|Congregatio pro Gentium Evangelizatione}}), formerly Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ({{langx|la|Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide}}) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for missionary work and related activities.

In 1439 in Florence, the Declaration of Union was adopted, according to which "the Roman Church firmly believes that nobody, who does not belong to the Catholic Church, not only unbelievers, but Judeans (Jews), nor heretics, nor schismatics, cannot enter the kingdom of heaven, but all will go to the eternal fire, which is saved for devils and their angels, if they not before death turn to that church".{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}} The Council of Trent (1545–63) had the mission to gain, apart from "stray" Protestants, also the numerous schismatics from the Catholic Church in southeastern Europe.{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}}

{{main|Eastern Catholic Churches}} {{summarize|section=y|from|Eastern Catholic Churches|date=July 2018}}

{{main|Union of Brest|Union of Uzhhorod|Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians}}

During the period from the 16th up to the 18the century, in eastern regions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Kingdom of Hungary several successive campaigns of Catholicization were undertaken in order to convert local Eastern Orthodox Christians into Catholicism.{{sfn|Litwin|1987|p=57–83}}{{sfn|Tóth|2002|p=587-606}}{{sfn|Kornél|2011|p=33-56}}

File:Mass Catholicization of Bosnian Serbs.jpg (August 1941)]]

{{Main|Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše}}

The Council of Trent had the mission to gain both Protestants, and Orthodox Christians in southeastern Europe.{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}} The Serbian Orthodox Church became targeted, the strongest pressure during the term of Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605), who used the difficult position of the Orthodox in the Ottoman Empire and conditioned the Serbian Patriarch to Uniatize in return for support against the Turks.{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}}

Serbian Orthodox Christians and Bogomils were targeted for Catholicisation by clergy from Republic of Ragusa.Irena Ipšić, 2013, Vlasništvo nad nekretninama crkvenih i samostanskih ustanova na orebićkome području u 19. stoljeću,https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=155415 #page=235

Since the many migrations of Serbs into the Habsburg monarchy beginning in the 16th century, there were efforts to Catholicize the community. The Orthodox Eparchy of Marča became the Catholic Eparchy of Križevci after waves of Uniatization in the 17th and 18th centuries.{{cite book|last=Kašić|first=Dušan Lj|title=Srbi i pravoslavlje u Slavoniji i sjevernoj Hrvatskoj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oNIAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Savez udruženja pravosl. sveštenstva SR Hrvatske|page=49}} Notable individuals active in the Catholicisation of Serbs in the 17th century include Martin Dobrović, Benedikt Vinković, Petar Petretić, Rafael Levaković, Ivan Paskvali and Juraj Parčić.{{cite book|last=Kolarić|first=Juraj|title=Povijest kršćanstva u Hrvata: Katolička crkva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThQsAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Hrvatski studiji Sveučilišta u Zagrebu|isbn=978-953-6682-45-4|pages=77}}{{cite book|last=Dimitrijević|first=Vladimir|title=Pravoslavna crkva i rimokatolicizam: (od dogmatike do asketike)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugeQAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=LIO|page=337|isbn=9788683697045}} Catholic bishops Vinković and Petretić wrote numerous inaccurate texts meant to incite hatred against Serbs and Orthodox Christians, some of which included advice on how to Catholicize the Serbs.{{cite book|last=Gavrilović|first=Slavko|title=Iz istorije Srba u Hrvatskoj, Slavoniji i Ugarskoj: XV-XIX vek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oJpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|page=30|publisher=Filip Višnjić |isbn=9788673631264}}

During World War II, the Axis Ustashe led the campaign of Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia. An estimated 300,000 were converted to Catholicism, most temporarily.

{{main|Counter-Reformation}}

{{Empty section|date=April 2020}}

• Inquisition
• Proselytism

• Christianization of Poland
• Christianization of Bohemia

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|2}}

;Books

• {{cite book|last1=Caffiero|first1=Marina|last2=Cochrane|first2=Lydia G.|title=Forced Baptisms: Histories of Jews, Christians, and Converts in Papal Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAch17-SogIC|year=2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25451-0}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó hAnnracháin|first=Tadhg|title=Catholic Europe, 1592-1648: Centre and Peripheries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRppCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-927272-3}}
• {{cite book|last=Paris|first=Edmond|title=Convert-- or die!: Catholic persecution in Yugoslavia during World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wL3YAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Chick Publications|isbn=9780937958353}}
• {{cite book|last=Skinner|first=Barbara|title=The Western Front of the Eastern Church: Uniate and Orthodox Conflict in 18th-century Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcgpuB5CSLwC|year=2009|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-87580-407-1}}

;Journals

• {{cite journal|last=Atlagić|first=M.|year=2008|title=Katoličenje Srba na Kosovu i Metohiji u XVII vijeku|journal=Baština|issue=25|pages=137–147|url=http://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0353-9008/2008/0353-90080825137A.pdf}}
• Bourdeaux, M., 1974. The Uniate churches in Czechoslovakia. Religion in Communist Lands, 2(2), pp. 4–6.
• Forster, M.R., The Thirty Years' War and the Failure of Catholicization. The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings, pp. 163–97.
• Ionescu, D., 1991. Roumania: The Orthodox-Uniate Conflict. Report on Eastern Europe, 2(31).
• {{Cite book|last=Kornél|first=Nagy|chapter=The Catholicization of Transylvanian Armenians (1685-1715): Integrative or Disintegrative Model?|title=Integrating Minorities: Traditional Communities and Modernization|year=2011|location=Cluj-Napoca|publisher=Editura ISPMN|pages=33–56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztgwoGq1OYQC|isbn=9786069274491}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Litwin|first=Henryk|title=Catholicization among the Ruthenian Nobility and Assimilation Processes' in the Ukraine during the Years 1569-1648|journal=Acta Poloniae Historica|year=1987|volume=55|pages=57–83|issn=0001-6829|url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/30516/WA303_48794_1987-55_APH_03_o.pdf}}
• {{cite journal|last=Sadkowski|first=K.|year=1998|title=From Ethnic Borderland to Catholic Fatherland: The Church, Christian Orthodox, and State Administration in the Chelm Region, 1918-1939|journal=Slavic Review|volume=57|issue=4|pages=813–839|doi=10.2307/2501048|jstor=2501048|s2cid=163300416 }}
• {{Cite journal|last=Tóth|first=István György|title=Počiatky rekatolizácie na východnom Slovensku (The Beginning of re-Catholicization in Eastern Slovakia)|journal=Historický časopis|year=2002|volume=50|issue=4|pages=587–606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LngMAQAAMAAJ}}
• {{cite journal|last=Vuković|first=Slobodan V.|year=2004|title=Uloga Vatikana u razbijanju Jugoslavije|journal=Sociološki Pregled|volume=38|issue=3|pages=423–443|doi=10.5937/socpreg0403423V|doi-access=free}}

;Conference papers

• {{cite book|editor-last=Cuming|editor-first=G. J.|title=The Mission of the Church and the Propagation of the Faith: Papers read at the Seventh Summer Meeting and the Eighth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IcpPwAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10179-0}}

{{refend}}