Cationization of cotton
{{short description|Chemical process treatment for surface modification.}}
Cationization of cotton is an electro kinetic phenomena ( zeta potential and electro kinetic) for surface charge of cotton. The cotton surface is charged with negative ions. Cationization alters the characterization of the surface of the cotton which allows salt free dyeing and improves the dye ability of cotton. The process involves the chemical reaction of cationic reactive agents with cellulose.{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Roshan|title=Denim: Manufacture, Finishing and Applications|publisher=Elsevier science|year=2015|isbn=9780857098498|pages=279}}{{Cite journal|last1=Arivithamani|first1=Nallathambi|last2=Giri Dev|first2=Venkateshwarapuram Rengaswami|date=2018|title=Characterization and comparison of salt-free reactive dyed cationized cotton hosiery fabrics with that of conventional dyed cotton fabrics|url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201800130501|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=183|pages=579–589|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.175|language=en|issn=0959-6526|url-access=subscription}}{{Citation|last1=Derjaguin|first1=B. V.|title=Kinetic Theory of Flotation of Small Particles|date=1984|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7972-4_2|work=Surface and Colloid Science|pages=71–113|place=Boston, MA|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-1-4615-7974-8|access-date=2020-10-05|last2=Dukhin|first2=S. S.|last3=Rulyov|first3=N. N.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-7972-4_2|url-access=subscription}}
Etymology
A cation (+) (/ˈkætˌaɪ.ən/), from the Greek word κάτω (káto), meaning "down", is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge. The suffixes for cationic groups discern between 'ylium' for cations created by the loss of a hydride ion and 'ium' for cations formed by addition of a Hydron.{{Cite book|last=Vostrup Senning|first=Rita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z3EDwAAQBAJ&dq=cation+etymology&pg=PA216|title=The Etymology of Chemical Names|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2019|isbn=9783110612714|pages=216}}
Methods of cationization
Cationization involves the modification of cellulosic macromolecules with positively charged sites with chemical reaction of cationic reactive agents for example with Quaternary ammonium cation or using (3-chloro-2-hydroxylpropyl) trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CHPTAC).{{Cite book|last=Mark Marzinke|first=William Clarke|title=Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry|publisher=Elsevier Science|year=2020|isbn=9780128158333|pages=146}}{{Cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=Yanhong|last2=Li|first2=Qun|last3=Shi|first3=Yu|last4=Cha|first4=Ruitao|date=2016-06-15|title=Preparation and Application of Cationic Modified Cellulose Fibrils as a Papermaking Additive|journal=International Journal of Polymer Science|volume=2016 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2016/6978434 |language=en |doi-access=free }}
Advantages
Cotton possesses a negative surface charge, while reactive and direct dyes also carry a negative charge. The like charges repel each other, and the addition of salt aids in dyeing by generating a positive charge on the cotton surface.{{Cite journal |date=2021-05-17 |title=Cotton dyeing with indigo using alkaline pectinase and Fe(II) salt |journal=Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research |volume=46 |issue=1 |doi=10.56042/ijftr.v46i1.29839 |issn=0971-0426|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Ru |first1=Jidong |last2=Qian |first2=Xueren |last3=Wang |first3=Ying |date=2018-08-29 |title=Low-Salt or Salt-Free Dyeing of Cotton Fibers with Reactive Dyes using Liposomes as Dyeing/Level-Dyeing Promotors |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=13045 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-31501-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6115468 |pmid=30158565|bibcode=2018NatSR...813045R }} The industry has predominantly used reactive dyes to color knitted cotton goods. The treatment of salt-laden, colored effluent generated by the dyeing process is one of the industry's primary concerns. Cotton cationization is one of the most effective solutions to the aforementioned problem.{{Cite journal |last1=Nallathambi |first1=Arivithamani |last2=Venkateshwarapuram Rengaswami |first2=Giri Dev |date=2017-10-15 |title=Industrial scale salt-free reactive dyeing of cationized cotton fabric with different reactive dye chemistry |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861717306823 |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |language=en |volume=174 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.045 |pmid=28821052 |issn=0144-8617|url-access=subscription }}
Cationization of cotton enables salt free dyeing and enhances the dyeability of the substrate with anionic dyes such as reactive dyes and direct dyes. Water and salt consumption are one of the major problems in the dyeing especially cotton which leads to substantial environmental impact with extra time and cost. Secondly washing off the residual salt is also important for washing fastness properties, which needs more washing baths. Cationization of cotton reduces the effluent, TDS load and water consumption in comparison to the conventional dyeing processes.{{Cite book|last=Muthu|first=Subramanian Senthilkannan|title=Sustainable Innovations in Textile Chemistry and Dyes|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9789811086007|location=Singapore|pages=13}}
See also
References
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External links
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-017-1425-y