Catocala

Most species of Catocala have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.

In, The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II, the genus described as follows.

{{quote |quote=Palpi reaching just above vertex of head, the 2nd joint thickly scaled; antennae of male fasciculated; thorax smoothly scaled; abdomen with dorsal ridges of coarse hair on proximal segments, which are sometimes developed into tufts; fore tibia more or less hairy; hind tibia spined. Fore wing with the apex nearly rectangular; the cilia crenulate. Hind wing with the cilia crenulate; vein 5 from below center of discocellulars. Larva with four pairs of abdominal prolegs.{{cite book |last=Hampson |first=G. F. |author-link=George Hampson |date=1894 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/180400#page/5/mode/1up |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II |publisher=Taylor and Francis |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}}}

It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)

File:Catocala ilia.jpg of the beloved underwing (C. ilia)]]

The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical food plants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (Carya), oak (Quercus) and walnut tree (Juglans) species, as well as others such as alder (Alnus), beech (Fagus), birch (Betula) and chestnut (Castanea). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae Populus (poplars) and Salix (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval food plants of Catocala are for example elms (Ulmus) and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, Tilia (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (Acer) which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (Fraxinus) and blueberries (Vaccinium) which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other food plants by eudicot standards.Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)

The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.Fullard & Napoleone (2001)

The genus name Catocala roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, kato (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and kalos (καλός, "beautiful").Woodhouse (1910)

There are over 250 species in this genus. The species of Catocala are here divided into a Eurasian group, and another one which is found in North America. This does not imply actual relationships; it is mainly done to more conveniently deal with the large number of species. Still, it is not unlikely at all that the groups consist at least to some extent of closely related species.See references in Savela (2012)

There are several cryptic species complexes in Catocala, e.g. the group around the Delilah underwing (C. delilah); these and other hitherto unknown species are still being discovered and described in some numbers. Thus, resolving the phylogeny and taxonomy of the underwing moths is an ongoing effort, which has made ({{as of|2011|lc=y}}) little progress. In the scientific literature, smaller subdivisions into putatively related species are sometimes applied, but there is no consistent and widely accepted taxonomic treatment for the genus as a whole.

Several distinct genera have formally been proposed for splitting from Catocala, but these are all treated here as junior synonyms. These synonyms and other invalid names of Catocala are:Pitkin & Jenkins (2004b){{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |date=July 27, 2019 |url=https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/erebidae/erebinae/catocala/ |title=Catocala Schrank, 1802 |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=January 6, 2020}}

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• Andreusia Hampson, 1913 (unjustified emendation)
• Andrewsia Grote, 1882
• Astiodes (lapsus)
• Astiotes Hübner, 1823
• Belpharidia (lapsus)
• Bihemena Beck, 1966
• Blephara Ochsenheimer, 1816 (unavailable)
• Blepharidia Hübner, 1822
• Blepharonia Hübner, 1823 (unavailable)"Blepharonia" was initially proposed as name for a tribe in 1823, and only established as a genus name Blepharonia in 1825: Pitkin & Jenkins (2004a).
• Blepharonia Hübner, 1825
• Blepharum Hübner, 1806 (rejected)
• Catabapta Hulst, 1884
• Catacola (lapsus)
• Catocalla (lapsus)
• Convercala Beck, 1966
• Corisce Hübner, 1823
• Corisee (lapsus)
• Divercala Beck, 1966
• Ephesia Hübner, 1818
• Eucala Beck, 1966
• Eucora Hübner, 1823
• Eunetis Hübner, 1823
• Hemigeometra Haworth, 1809
• Koraia Nye, 1975
• Lamprosia Hübner, [1821]
• Lamprosia Hübner, 1827 (non Hübner, [1821]: preoccupied)
• Metacala Beck, 1966
• Mormonia Hübner, 1823
• Mormosia (lapsus)
• Optocala Beck, 1966
• Promonia Beck, 1966
• Puercala Beck, 1966
• Reticcala Beck, 1966
• Simplicala Beck, 1966

{{div col end}}

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• Catocala abacta Staudinger, 1900
• Catocala abamita Bremer & Grey, 1853 (including C. scortum)
• Catocala actaea Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874
• Catocala adultera Ménétries, 1856
• Catocala aenigma Sheljuzhko, 1943
• Catocala aestimabilis Staudinger, 1892
• Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885
• Catocala agitatrix Graeser, 1889 (including C. mabella)
• Catocala amabilis Bang-Haas, 1907
• Catocala amnonfreidbergi Kravchenko et al., 2008
• Catocala ariana Vartian, 1964
• Catocala armandi (including C. davidi)
• Catocala artobolevskiji Sheljuzhko, 1943
• Catocala bella (including C. serenides)
• Catocala bokhaica
• Catocala borthi Saldaitis, Ivinskis, Floriani & Babics, 2012
• Catocala brandti
• Catocala butleri
• Catocala catei Weisert, 1998
• Catocala chenyixini Ishizuka, 2011
• Catocala columbina
• Catocala coniuncta – Minsmere crimson underwing
• Catocala connexa
• Catocala contemnenda
• Catocala conversa
• Catocala danilovi Bang-Haas, 1927
• Catocala dariana Sviridov, Speidel, Reshöft, 1996
• Catocala davidi Oberthür, 1881
• Catocala deducta Eversmann, 1843
• Catocala dejeani (sometimes in C. kuangtungensis)
• Catocala desiderata
• Catocala detrita Warren, 1913
• Catocala deuteronympha
• Catocala dilecta Hübner, [1808] (type of Astiotes)
• Catocala disjuncta
• Catocala dissimilis (including C. nigricans)
• Catocala distorta Butler, 1889
• Catocala diversa
• Catocala doerriesi
• Catocala dotatoides
• Catocala dula
• Catocala duplicata
• Catocala editarevayae
• Catocala electa – rosy underwing
• Catocala ella Butler, 1877
• Catocala ellamajor Ishizuka, 2010
• Catocala elocata – French red underwing
• Catocala eminens Staudinger, 1892
• Catocala eutychea
• Catocala flavescens
• Catocala florianii Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2008
• Catocala formosana Okano, 1958
• Catocala fraxini – blue underwing, Clifden nonpareil (type of Hemigeometra)
• Catocala fredi Bytinsky-Salz & Brandt, 1937
• Catocala fugitiva Warren, 1914
• Catocala fulminea (type of Ephesia)
• Catocala fuscinupta
• Catocala gansan Ishizuka & M. Wang, 2013
• Catocala giuditta Schawerda, 1934
• Catocala haitzi Bang-Haas, 1936
• Catocala hariti Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2002
• Catocala helena
• Catocala hoenei Mell, 1936
• Catocala hoferi Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2003
• Catocala hymenaea
• Catocala hymenoides Draeseke, 1927
• Catocala hyperconnexa Sugi, 1965
• Catocala inconstans Butler, 1889
• Catocala infasciata Mell, 1936
• Catocala intacta
• Catocala invasa
• Catocala jansseni A. E. Prout, 1924
• Catocala jonasii Butler, 1877
• Catocala jouga Ishizuka, 2003
• Catocala juncta
• Catocala jyoka Ishizuka, 2006
• Catocala kaki Ishizuka, 2003
• Catocala kasenko Ishizuka, 2007
• Catocala koreana Staudinger, 1892
• Catocala kotschubeyi Sheljuzhko, 1927
• Catocala kuangtungensis
• Catocala kusnezovi Püngeler, 1914
• Catocala lara Bremer, 1861
• Catocala largeteaui Oberthür, 1881
• Catocala laura Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008
• Catocala leechi
• Catocala lehmanni Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008
• Catocala lesbia
• Catocala longipalpis Mell, 1936
• Catocala lupina Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
• Catocala luscinia Brandt, 1938
• Catocala maculata Vincent, 1919
• Catocala mariana
• Catocala martyrum Oberthür, 1881
• Catocala maso Ishizuka, 2011
• Catocala mesopotamica
• Catocala mirifica Butler, 1877
• Catocala moltrechti Bang-Haas, 1927
• Catocala musmi
• Catocala naganoi Sugi, 1982
• Catocala nagioides
• Catocala naumanni Sviridov, 1996
• Catocala neglecta
• Catocala neonympha Esper, 1805 (type of Eucora)
• Catocala nivea Butler, 1877
• Catocala nubila
• Catocala nupta – red underwing
• Catocala nymphaea
• Catocala nymphaeoides Herrich-Schäffer, 1852
• Catocala nymphagoga – oak yellow underwing
• Catocala oberthueri Austaut, 1879
• Catocala obscena Alphéraky, 1879
• Catocala ohshimai Ishizuka, 2001
• Catocala olgaorlovae
• Catocala optata
• Catocala optima – Turanga underwing
• Catocala pacta
• Catocala paki Kishida, 1981
• Catocala patala Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874
• Catocala pataloides
• Catocala persimilis
• Catocala pirata
• Catocala praegnax Walker, 1858
• Catocala prolifica Walker, 1857
• Catocala promissa – light crimson underwing
• Catocala proxeneta Alphéraky, 1895
• Catocala pudica Moore, 1879
• Catocala pudica sabine Saldaitis, Pekarsky & Borth 2014
• Catocala puella
• Catocala puerpera (type of Eunetis)
• Catocala puerperoides
• Catocala remissa
• Catocala repudiata
• Catocala rhodosoma Röber, 1927
• Catocala seibaldi Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Borth, 2010 (including C. pseudoformosana)
• Catocala seiohbo
• Catocala separans
• Catocala separata
• Catocala sinyaevi Sviridov, 2004
• Catocala solntsevi
• Catocala sponsa – dark crimson underwing
• Catocala sponsalis
• Catocala stamensis Kishida & Suzuki, 2002
• Catocala streckeri
• Catocala sultana (sometimes in C. optata)
• Catocala svetlana Sviridov, 1997
• Catocala szechuena
• Catocala tapestrina Moore, 1882
• Catocala thomsoni A. E. Prout, 1924
• Catocala timur – Timur underwing
• Catocala tokui
• Catocala toropovi Saldaitis, Kons & Borth, 2014
• Catocala triphaenoides Oberthür, 1881
• Catocala uljanae Sinyaev, Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2007
• Catocala viviannae
• Catocala weigerti Hacker, 1999
• Catocala wushensis
• Catocala xarippe Butler, 1877 (formerly in C. fulminea)
• Catocala xizangensis Chen, 1991

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Comparison of Eurasian species

Image:Catocala actaea 01.jpg|Catocala actaea

Image:Catocala agitatrix.jpg|Catocala agitatrix

Image:Catocala coniuncta.jpg|Catocala conjuncta

Image:Catocala conversa.jpg|Catocala conversa

Image:Catocala dilecta.jpg |Catocala dilecta

Image:Catocala disjuncta.jpg|Catocala disjuncta

Image:Catocala diversa.jpg|Catocala diversa

Image:Catocala electa01.jpg|Catocala electa
rosy underwing

Image:Catocala elocata.01.jpg|Catocala elocata
French red underwing

Image:Catocala eutychea.jpg|Catocala eutychea

Image:Catocala fraxini.01.jpg|Catocala fraxini
blue underwing
type species of Hemigeometra

Image:'Catocala fulminea'.jpg|Catocala fulminea
type species of Ephesia

Image:Catocala hymenaea.jpg|Catocala hymenaea

Image:Catocala lara 01.jpg|Catocala lara

Image:Catocala lupina.jpg|Catocala lupina

Image:Catocala mariana.jpg|Catocala mariana

Image: Catocala neonympha.01.jpg|Catocala neonympha

Image:Catocala nupta.01.jpg|Catocala nupta
red underwing
type species of Catocala

Image:Catocala nymphaea.01.jpg|Catocala nymphaea

Image:Catocala nymphagoga.jpg|Catocala nymphagoga
oak yellow underwing

Image:Catocala optata.jpg|Catocala optata

Image:Catocala pacta.jpg |Catocala pacta

Image:Catocala promissa.jpg|Catocala promissa
light crimson underwing

Image:Catocala puerpera.jpg|Catocala puerpera
type species of Eunetis

Image:Catocala separata.jpg|Catocala separata

Image:Catocala sponsa.01.jpg|Catocala sponsa
dark crimson underwing

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• Catocala abbreviatella
• Catocala agrippina – Agrippina underwing
• Catocala aholibah – Aholibah underwing
• Catocala alabamae – Alabama underwing, titan underwing (including C. olivia, C. titania)
• Catocala allusa (sometimes in C. faustina)
• Catocala amatrix – sweetheart underwing (type of Lamprosia)
• Catocala amestris – three-staff underwing
• Catocala amica – girlfriend underwing (type of Corisce)
• Catocala andromache – Andromache underwing
• Catocala andromedae – Andromeda underwing, gloomy underwing
• Catocala angusi – Angus' underwing
• Catocala antinympha – sweetfern underwing (type of Catabapta)
• Catocala atocala – Atocala underwing, Brou's underwing
• Catocala badia – bay underwing, bayberry underwing, old maid
• Catocala benjamini – Benjamin's underwing (formerly in C. andromache)
• Catocala blandula – charming underwing
• Catocala briseis – Briseis underwing, ribbed underwing
• Catocala caesia – bluish-gray underwing
• Catocala californica (including C. erichi)
• Catocala californiensis
• Catocala cara – darling underwing
• Catocala carissima – carissima underwing (formerly in C. cara)
• Catocala cerogama – yellow-banded underwing
• Catocala charlottae (sometimes in C. praeclara)
• Catocala chelidonia
• Catocala cleopatra (sometimes in C. faustina)
• Catocala clintoni – Clinton's underwing
• Catocala coccinata – scarlet underwing
• Catocala concumbens – pink underwing, sleepy underwing
• Catocala connubialis – connubial underwing
• Catocala consors – consort underwing
• Catocala crataegi – hawthorn underwing, chokeberry underwing
• Catocala dejecta – dejected underwing
• Catocala delilah – Delilah underwing
• Catocala desdemona – Desdemona underwing (including C. ixion, formerly in C. delilah)
• Catocala dulciola – quiet underwing, sweet underwing
• Catocala electilis
• Catocala epione – Epione underwing (type of Mormonia)
• Catocala faustina
• Catocala flebilis – mournful underwing
• Catocala francisca (sometimes in C. hermia)
• Catocala frederici
• Catocala gracilis – graceful underwing
• Catocala grisatra – grisatra underwing
• Catocala grotiana – Grote's underwing
• Catocala grynea – woody underwing
• Catocala habilis – habilis underwing
• Catocala hermia – Hermia underwing (including C. sheba)
• Catocala herodias – Herodias' underwing, Gerhard's underwing
• Catocala hippolyta (sometimes in C. semirelicta)
• Catocala ilia – beloved underwing, Ilia underwing, wife underwing
• Catocala illecta – Magdalen underwing
• Catocala innubens – betrothed underwing
• Catocala insolabilis – inconsolable underwing
• Catocala irene – Irene's underwing
• Catocala jair – Jair underwing, barrens underwing
• Catocala jessica – Jessica underwing (including C. babayaga)
• Catocala johnsoniana – Johnson's underwing
• Catocala judith – Judith's underwing
• Catocala junctura – joined underwing, Stretch's underwing (including C. elsa, C. stretchii)
• Catocala lacrymosa – tearful underwing
• Catocala lincolnana – Lincoln underwing
• Catocala lineella – lineella underwing, little lined underwing, steely underwing (formerly in C. amica)
• Catocala louiseae – Louise's underwing (including C. protonympha)
• Catocala luciana – shining underwing
• Catocala maestosa – sad underwing
• Catocala manitoba – Manitoba underwing (sometimes in C. praeclara)
• Catocala marmorata – marbled underwing
• Catocala mcdunnoughi – McDunnough's underwing
• Catocala meskei – Meske's underwing
• Catocala messalina – Messalina underwing (type of Andrewsia)
• Catocala micronympha – little nymph underwing, little bride underwing
• Catocala minuta – little underwing
• Catocala mira – wonderful underwing
• Catocala miranda – Miranda underwing
• Catocala muliercula – little wife underwing
• Catocala myristica - Myristica underwing Kons & Borth, 2015
• Catocala nebulosa – clouded underwing
• Catocala neogama – the bride (including C. euphemia)
• Catocala nuptialis – married underwing
• Catocala obscura – obscure underwing
• Catocala ophelia
• Catocala orba – Orba underwing
• Catocala palaeogama – old wife underwing (sometimes in C. neogama)
• Catocala parta – mother underwing
• Catocala piatrix – penitent underwing
• Catocala praeclara – praeclara underwing
• Catocala pretiosa – precious underwing (formerly in C. crataegi)
• Catocala pretiosa texarkana – Texarkana underwing
• Catocala relicta – the relict, "white underwing"
• Catocala residua – residua underwing
• Catocala retecta – yellow-gray underwing
• Catocala (retecta) luctuosa – yellow-fringed underwing
• Catocala robinsoni – Robinson's underwing
• Catocala sappho – Sappho underwing
• Catocala semirelicta – semirelict underwing (including C. nevadensis, C. pura)
• Catocala serena – serene underwing
• Catocala similis – similar underwing
• Catocala sordida – sordid underwing
• Catocala subnata – youthful underwing
• Catocala texanae – Texan underwing
• Catocala ulalume – Ulalume underwing
• Catocala ultronia – dark red underwing, ultronia underwing
• Catocala umbrosa
• Catocala unijuga – once-married underwing
• Catocala verrilliana – Verrill's underwing
• Catocala vidua – widow underwing
• Catocala violenta
• Catocala whitneyi – Whitney's underwing

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Comparison of North American species

File:Catocala nurus.JPG|Catocala amatrix f. nurus
sweetheart underwing
type species of Lamprosia

File:Catocala amica.jpg|Catocala amica
girlfriend underwing
type species of Corisce

File:Catocala allusa.JPG|Catocala allusa

File:Catocala andromache2.JPG|Catocala andromache
Andromache underwing

File:Catocala angusi 01.jpg|Catocala angusi
Angus' underwing

File:Catocala antinympha.jpg|Catocala antinympha
sweetfern underwing

File:Catocala phoebe.JPG|Catocala badia
bay underwing

File:Catocala benjamini benjamini.JPG|Catocala benjamini benjamini
Benjamin's underwing

File:Catocala carissima.JPG|Catocala carissima
carissima underwing

File:Catocala cerogama.jpg|Catocala cerogama
yellow-banded underwing

File:Catocala coccinata sinuosa.jpg|Catocala coccinata
scarlet underwing

File:Catocala concumbens2.JPG|Catocala concumbens
pink underwing

File:Catocala sancta.JPG|Catocala connubialis f. sancta
connubial underwing

File:Catocala delilah mounted.JPG|Catocala delilah
Delilah underwing

File:Catocala desdemona.JPG|Catocala desdemona
Desdemona underwing

File:Catocala frederici2.JPG|Catocala frederici

File:Catocala grotiana.JPG|Catocala grotiana
Grote's underwing

File:Catocala grynea 01.JPG|Catocala grynea
woody underwing

File:Catocala habilis.jpg|Catocala habilis
habilis underwing

File:Catocala diantha.JPG|Catocala hermia f. diantha
Hermia underwing

File:Catocala innubens.jpg|Catocala innubens
betrothed underwing

File:Catocala irene2.JPG|Catocala irene
Irene's underwing

File:Catocala jessica.JPG|Catocala jessica
Jessica underwing

File:Catocala johnsoniana.JPG|Catocala johnsoniana
Johnson's underwing

File:Catocala judith 01.jpg|Catocala judith
Judith's underwing

File:Catocala lacrymosa 01.jpg|Catocala lacrymosa
tearful underwing

File:Catocala nerissa.JPG|Catocala lineella
lineella underwing

File:Catocala nebraskae.JPG|Catocala luciana
shining underwing

File:Catocala maestosa2.JPG|Catocala maestosa
sad underwing

File:Catocala manitoba.JPG|Catocala manitoba
Manitoba underwing

File:Catocala mcdunnoughi.JPG|Catocala mcdunnoughi
McDunnough's underwing

File:Catocala rosalinda.JPG|Catocala meskei f. rosalinda
Meske's underwing

File:Catocala micronympha.jpg|Catocala micronympha
little nymph underwing

File:Catocala euphemia.JPG|Catocala neogama euphemia
the bride

File:Catocala obscura.jpg|Catocala obscura
obscure underwing

File:Catocala palaeogama 01.jpg|Catocala palaeogama
old wife underwing

File:Catocala dionyza2.JPG|Catocala piatrix dionyza
penitent underwing

File:Catocala relicta.01.jpg|Catocala relicta
the relict

File:Catocala luctuosa.JPG|Catocala retecta luctuosa
yellow-fringed underwing

File:Catocala serena.jpg|Catocala serena
serene underwing

File:Catocala subnata 01.JPG|Catocala subnata
youthful underwing

File:Catocala texanae.JPG|Catocala texanae
Texan underwing

File:Catocala ultronia.jpg|Catocala ultronia
dark red underwing

File:Catocala unijuga.JPG|Catocala unijuga
once-married underwing

File:Catocala beutenmuelleri.JPG|Catocala verrilliana f. beutenmuelleri
Verrill's underwing

File:Catocala vidua.jpg|Catocala vidua
widow underwing

As noted in the introduction, some species besides the Catocala species are also commonly known as "underwings". Typically however, the name is used with a qualifier, such as a color term, in these cases. Non-Catocala "underwing moths" are typically owlet moths, namely:

Subfamily Catocalinae

• Beautiful yellow underwing (Anarta myrtilli)
• Brown underwing (Minucia lunaris)
• Locust underwing (Euparthenos nubilis)
• (European) white underwing (Catephia alchymista) – in North America, "white underwing" typically refers to Catocala relicta

Subfamily Amphipyrinae

• Copper underwing (Amphipyra pyramidea)
• Svensson's copper underwing (Amphipyra berbera)

Subfamily Erebinae

• False underwing moth (Allotria elonympha)

Subfamily Hadeninae

• Black underwing (Mormo maura)
• Blossom underwing (Orthosia miniosa)
• Broad-bordered white underwing (Hadula melanopa)
• Guernsey underwing (Polyphaenis sericata)
• Lunar underwing (Omphaloscelis lunosa)
• Small dark yellow underwing (Coranarta cordigera)
• Small yellow underwing (Panemeria tenebrata)
• Straw underwing (Thalpophila matura)

Subfamily Noctuinae

• Pearly underwing (Peridroma saucia)
• Yellow underwings proper, some 15 species in the genus Noctua

However, the "orange underwings" are two species of genus Archiearis of the geometer moth family (Geometridae):

• Orange underwing (Archiearis parthenias)
• Light orange underwing (Archiearis notha)

Image:Mormo maura.1.JPG|Black underwing
Mormo maura
Hadeninae

Image:Minucia lunaris.jpg|Brown underwing
Minucia lunaris
Catocalinae

Image:Cathephia alchymista.jpg|White underwing
Catephia alchymista
Catocalinae

Image:Amphipyra berbera001.jpg|Svensson's copper underwing
Amphipyra berbera
Amphipyrinae

Image:Amphipyra pyramidea.jpg|Copper underwing
Amphipyra pyramidea
Amphipyrinae

Image:Noctua tirrenica female.jpg|Mediterranean yellow underwing
Noctua tirrenica
Noctuinae

Image:Noctua fimbriata2.jpg|Broad-bordered yellow underwing
Noctua fimbriata
Noctuinae

Image:Noctua pronuba.o1.jpg|Large yellow underwing
Noctua pronuba
Noctuinae

Image:Noctua jantina.01.jpg|Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing
Noctua janthina
Noctuinae

Image:Noctua interjecta.jpg|Least yellow underwing
Noctua interjecta
Noctuinae

Image:Noctua interposita.JPG|Least yellow underwing
Noctua interposita
Noctuinae

Image:Noctua orbona.01.jpg|Lunar yellow underwing
Noctua orbona
Noctuinae

Image:Noctua comes.01.jpg|Lesser yellow underwing
Noctua comes
Noctuinae

Image:Coranarta cordigera.jpg|Small dark yellow underwing
Coranarta cordigera
Hadeninae

Image:Anarta myrtilli 01.jpg|Beautiful yellow underwing
Anarta myrtilli
Catocalinae

Image:Panemeria tenebrata.jpg|Small yellow underwing
Panemeria tenebrata
Catocalinae

Image:Hadula melanopa.jpg|Broad-bordered white underwing
Hadula melanopa
Hadeninae

Image:Polyphaenis sericata.01.jpg|Guernsey underwing
Polyphaenis sericata
Hadeninae

Image:Thalpophila matura.jpg|Straw underwing
Thalpophila matura
Hadeninae

Image:Orthosia miniosa 01.jpg|Blossom underwing
Orthosia miniosa
Hadeninae

Image:Peridroma saucia 01.jpg|Pearly underwing
Peridroma saucia
Noctuinae

Image:Archiearis parthenias.jpg|Orange underwing
Archiearis parthenias
Geometridae: Archiearinae

Image:Archiearis notha.jpg|Light orange underwing
Archiearis notha
Geometridae: Archiearinae

Image:Boudinotiana puella.jpg|Pale orange underwing
Boudinotiana puella
Geometridae: Archiearinae

{{Reflist}}

• Fauna Europaea (FE) (2011): [https://web.archive.org/web/20150119190238/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=446650 Catocala]. Version 2.4, January 27, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
• {{cite journal |last1=Fullard |first1=James H. |last2=Napoleone |first2=Nadia |date=2001 |url=http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615060834/http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-15 |title=Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=349–368 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1753|s2cid=53182157 }}
• Nelson, John M. & Loy, Peter W. (1983): The Underwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 63: 60–67. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102141843/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v63/p60_67.pdf PDF fulltext]
• Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004a): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/index.dsml Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species] – [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/GenusDetails.dsml?NUMBER=3991.0 Blepharonia Hübner 1823]. Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
• Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004b): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/index.dsml Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species] – [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/GenusDetails.dsml?NUMBER=5312.0 Catocala]. Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
• {{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/catocalinae/catocala/ |title=Catocala Schrank, 1802 |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=December 20, 2018 |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720141303/http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/catocalinae/catocala/ |url-status=dead }}
• Stevens, Martin (2005): The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera. Biological Reviews 80(4): 573–588. {{doi|10.1017/S1464793105006810}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110819/http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51011629.pdf PDF fultlext]}}
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910): English-Greek Dictionary – A Vocabulary of the Attic Language. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C. [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ Searchable JPEG fulltext]

{{more footnotes|date=March 2012}}

• Ishizuka, K. (2002). "Notes on Catocala columbina Leech, 1900 (Lepidoptela, Noctuidae), with description of new taxa". Gekkan-Mushi. (379): 12–13.
• Ishizuka, K. (2007). "A new species of Catocala Schrank, 1802 from Western China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)". Gekkan-Mushi. (439): 22–24.
• Müller, Gunter; Kravchenko, Vasiliy; Witt, Thomas; Junnila, Amy; Mooser, J.; Saldaitis, Aidas; Reshöft, K.; Ivinskis, Povilas; Zahiri, Reza & Speidel, Wolfgang (2008). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229072225 "New underwing taxa of the section of Catocala lesbia Christoph, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)"]. Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (1): 30–49.
• Kravchenko, V. D., Speidel, W., et al. (2008). "A new species of Catocala from Israel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (2): 127–129.
• Leech, J. J. (1900). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 1900: 511–663.
• Lewandowski, S. & Tober, K. (2008). "Catocala olgaorlovae duschara subspec. nov. aus Jordanien (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Atalanta. 39 (1-4): 377–378.
• Saldaitis, A. & Ivinskis, P. (2008). "Catocala florianii, a new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (2): 124–126.
• Saldaitis, A. & Pekarsky, O. & Borth, R. (2014). "A new subspecies of Catocala pudica Moore, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (sensu lato): Erebinae) from Mongolia". Esperiana. 19: 255–262.
• Sinyaev, V., Saldaitis, A. & Ivinskis, P. (2007). Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 17 (4): 272–275.
• Speidel, W., Ivinskis, P. & Saldaitis, A. (2008). "A new Catocala species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (2): 122–123.
• Weisert, F. (1998). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Österreichischen Entomologen. 50: 125–126.

{{Commons category}}

• {{cite web |last=Bartlett |first=Troy |date=February 16, 2018 |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/368 |title=Genus Catocala - Underwings |website=BugGuide |access-date=December 20, 2018}}
• Oehlke, Bill (January 1, 2013). [http://www.silkmoths.bizland.com/commonnames.htm "Catocala: Classification and Common Names"]. Catocala. Retrieved January 13, 2019.

{{Taxonbar |from=Q2450100}}

Category:Noctuoidea genera