Cayuse language

The first written vocabulary of the Cayuse language was published by Horatio Hale in 1846. As a member of the United States Exploring Expedition, he had visited the Pacific Northwest in 1841. Missionary Marcus Whitman was credited for providing "much valuable information" about the Cayuse people and other natives nearby Waiilatpu.{{sfn|Hale|1846|p=542}} In his Waiilatpuan language family, Hale put Cayuse and the Molala language as the sole members.{{sfn|Hale|1846|p=561}}

In 1910 or 1911, Stephens Savage, a Molala speaker, had told Leo Frachtenberg that the following five words were identical in both Cayuse and Molala:{{Sfn|Rigsby|1969}}

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In 1929 Edward Sapir grouped Cayuse with Molala as part of the Waiilatpuan branch of the Plateau Penutian languages.{{Sfn|Sapir|1929}}

Bruce Rigsby reexamined the Cayuse-Molala lexical pairs provided by Hale in 1969 and found only a tenth to be potentially related terms. Whitman was credited as the origin of the Waiilatpuan linguistic family. The words presented by Savage were concluded by Rigsby to likely be loanwords. Upon his review of extant Molala and Cayuse linguistic data, Rigsby concluded "I do not see how the two languages could have possibly been mutually intelligible."{{sfn|Rigsby|1969|pp=82-83}}

Cayuse pronouns listed by Hale:{{Sfn|Rigsby|1969}}

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Cayuse pronouns listed by McBean:{{Sfn|Rigsby|1969}}

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Cayuse verb paradigms documented by Henry W. Henshaw:{{Sfn|Rigsby|1969}}

;'hungry'

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;'thirsty'

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Limited lexical items in Cayuse have been collected by Rigsby, Melville Jacobs, Verne Ray, and Theodore Stern. Their Cayuse informants had highly limited knowledge of the language and were more fluent in either Sahaptin or Nez Perce.

A word list of Cayuse with nearby 200 lexical items was documented by Hale.{{Sfn|Hale|1846|pp=570-629}} The word list has been reproduced below.

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{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book

|last=Aoki |first=Haruo

|title=A Cayuse Dictionary based on the 1829 records of Samuel Black, the 1888 records of Henry W. Henshaw and others

|publisher=Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation

|year=1998

|location=Mission, OR

}}

• {{Cite book

|last=Hale |first=Horatio |author-link=Horatio Hale

|date=1846

|title=Ethnography and Philology

|publisher=C. Sherman

|location=Philadelphia

|url=https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale

|via=Internet Archive

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last=Rigsby |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Rigsby

|date=Spring 1969

|title=The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability

|journal=Journal of Northwest Anthropology

|editor1-last=Sprague |editor1-first=Roderick |editor1-link=Roderick Sprague

|editor2-last=Goss |editor2-first=James A.

|volume=3 |issue=1

|pages=68–146

|url={{google books URL|_s2-DwAAQBAJ|p=68}}

|via=Google Books

}}

• {{Cite book

|last=Sapir |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Sapir

|title=Encyclopedia Britannica

|year=1929

|edition=14th

|volume=5

|pages=138–141

|chapter=Central and South American Languages

}}

• {{cite report

|title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

|publisher=UNESCO

|edition=3rd

|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026

|date=2010

|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|2010}}

}}

{{Refend}}

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Cayuse word list}}

• [http://www.native-languages.org/cayuse.htm Cayuse Indian Language (Waiilatpu)]
• [http://olac.ldc.upenn.edu/language/xcy OLAC resources in and about the Cayuse language]

{{Languages of Oregon}}

{{North American languages}}

{{Indigenous peoples in Washington}}

Category:Unclassified languages of North America

Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau

Category:Indigenous languages of Oregon

Category:Extinct languages

Category:Languages extinct in the 1930s

Category:1930s disestablishments in Oregon

Category:Cayuse