Cebuano numerals
{{Short description|Cebuano language feature}}
The Cebuano numbers are the system of number names used in Cebuano to express quantities and other information related to numbers. Cebuano has two number systems: the native system and the Spanish-derived system. The native system is mostly used for counting small numbers, basic measurement, and for other pre-existing native concepts that deals with numbers. Meanwhile, the Spanish-derived system is mainly used for concepts that only existed post-colonially such as counting large numbers, currency, solar time, and advanced mathematics.
History
Unlike other Philippine languages, the native number system of Cebuano was derived solely from the non-human forms of Proto-Austronesian numerals instead of a combination of both human and non-human numerals, such as in Tagalog and Hiligaynon.{{cite book |last1=Blust |first1=R. A. |title=The Austronesian languages |date=2009 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |location=Canberra |isbn=9780858836020 |page=278 |edition=Revised |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/10191/6/Blust-2013-AustronesianLanguages.pdf}} The numbers were first recorded by chronicler Antonio Pigafetta during Magellan's expedition.{{cite book |last1=Pigafetta |first1=Antonio |title=Il Primo Viaggio Intorno al Globo di Antonio Pigafetta, e le Sue Regole sull'Arte del Navigare; Giraloamo Benzoni e la Sua Historia del Mondo Nuovo |date=1894 |page=83 |url=https://archive.org/details/IlPrimoViaggioIntornoAlGloboDiAnt |language=it}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Cebuano Numbers as recorded by Antonio Pigafetta (1521) !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 |
| uzza
|dua |tolo |upat |lima |onom |pitto |gualu |ciam |polo |
Types
The native numbers are categorized into four types: cardinal, ordinal, distributive, and multiplicative (also referred to as "viceral" or "adverbial").{{cite book |last1=Encina |first1=Francisco |title=Arte de la lengua zebuana |date=1801 |page=569 |url=https://archive.org/details/artedelalenguaze00enci_0/page/n1/mode/2up |language=es, ceb |chapter=Chapter 24}} The multiples of ten are formed by attaching the circumfix "ka-ø-an" (e.g. kawaloan). Those that are within the 20-60 range undergo the process of metathesis and syncope (e.g. katloan, from katuloan).
= Cardinal =
| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" |
| Number
! Native ! Spanish-derived |
|---|
| 1
| usá | uno |
| 2
| duhá | dos |
| 3
| tuló | tres |
| 4
| upát | kwatro |
| 5
| limá | singku |
| 6
| unóm | says |
| 7
| pitó | syete, siti |
| 8
| waló | otso |
| 9
| siyám | nuybi |
| 10
|napulò, pulò |dyis |
| 11
|napúlog usá |onse |
| 12
|napúlog duhá |dose |
| 13
|napúlog tuló |trese |
| 14
|napúlog upát |katórse |
| 15
|napúlog limá |kinse |
| 16
|napúlog unóm |diyesiséys, disisays |
| 17
|napúlog pitó |diyesisiyete, disisiti |
| 18
|napúlog waló |diyesiyotso, disiutsu |
| 19
|napúlog siyám |diyesinwebe, disinuybi |
| 20
|kaluháan (kaduháan) |beynte, baynti |
| 21
|kaluháag usá |beyntiwuno, bayntiuno |
| 22
|kaluháag duhá |beyntidos, bayntidus |
| 23
|kaluháag tuló |beyntitres, bayntitris |
| 24
|kaluháag upát |beyntikwatro, bayntikwatru |
| 25
|kaluháag limá |beyntisingko, bayntisingku |
| 30
|katlóan (katulóan) |treynta, traynta, trinta |
| 40
|kap-atan (kaupátan) |kwarénta, kwarinta |
| 50
|kalím-an (kalimáan) |sinkwénta, singkwinta |
| 60
|kan-óman (kaunóman) |sesenta, sisinta |
| 70
|kapitóan |seténta, sitinta |
| 80
|kawalóan |otsénta, utsinta |
| 90
|kasiyáman |nobénta |
| 100
|usá ka gatós |siyén, siyento |
| 200
|duhá ka gatós |dosiyéntos, dosentos |
| 300
|tuló ka gatós |tresiyéntos, tresentos |
| 400
|upát ka gatós |kwatrosiyéntos, kwatrosentos |
| 500
|limá ka gatós |kiniyéntos, kinyentos |
| 1,000
|usá ka libo, libo |mil |
| 5,000
|limá ka libo |singko mil |
| 10,000
|usá ka laksà, napulò ka libo |dyis mil |
| 50,000
|limá ka laksà, kalím-an ka libo |singkwenta mil |
| 100,000
|usá ka yaba,{{cite book |last1=Encarnación |first1=Juan Félix |url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000054797 |title=Diccionario bisaya español [Texto impreso] |date=1885 |page=428 |language=es, ceb}} usá ka gatós ka líbo |siyén mil |
| 1,000,000
|milyón |
| 1,000,000,000
|usá ka wakát |bilyón (US-influence, common), mil milyones (rare) |
Like other Visayan languages, cardinal numbers are linked to the noun with the ligature ka.
usá ka tawo a/one person
kaluhaan ug usá ka bulan twenty-one months
= Ordinal =
Ordinal numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ika- prefix, except una.
| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" |
| Number
! Cebuano |
|---|
| 1st
| kina-unhán |
| 2nd
| ikaduhá |
| 3rd
| ikatuló |
| 4th
| ikaupát |
| 5th
| ikalimá |
| 6th
| ikaunóm |
| 7th
| ikapitó |
| 8th
| ikawaló |
| 9th
| ikasiyám |
| 10th
|ikanapulò, ikapulò |
| 11th
|ikanapúlog-usá |
| 20th
|ikakaluháan |
| 21st
|ikakaluháag-usá |
| 25th
|ikakaluháag-limá |
| 30th
|ikakatlóan |
| 40th
|ikakap-atan |
| 50th
|ikakalím-an |
| 60th
|ikakan-óman |
| 70th
|ikakapitóan |
| 80th
|ikakawalóan |
| 90th
|ikakasiyáman |
| 100th
|ikagatós |
| 200th
|ikaduhá ka gatós |
| 500th
|ikalimá ka gatós |
| 1,000th
|ikalibo |
| 5,000th
|ikalimá ka libo |
| 10,000th
|ikalaksà, ikanapulò ka libo |
| 50,000th
|ikalimá ka laksà, ikakalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000th
|ikayaba |
| 1,000,000th
|ikayukót |
| 1,000,000,000th
|ikawakát |
= Distributive =
Distributive numbers in Cebuano are formed by attaching the tag- prefix to the numerical root. Irregular words may be formed depending on the number being attached to.
| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" |
| Number
! Cebuano |
|---|
| 1
| tagsa |
| 2
| tagurha |
| 3
| tagutlo, tag-tulo |
| 4
| tag-upat |
| 5
| tagilma |
| 6
| tag-unom |
| 7
| tagpito |
| 8
| tagwalo |
| 9
| tagsiyam |
| 10
|tagnapulò, tagpulò |
| 11
|tagnapúlog-usá |
| 20
|tagkaluháan |
| 21
|tagkaluháag-usá |
| 25
|tagkaluháag-limá |
| 30
|tagkatlóan |
| 40
|tagkap-atan |
| 50
|tagkalím-an |
| 60
|tagkan-óman |
| 70
|tagkapitóan |
| 80
|tagkawalóan |
| 90
|tagkasiyáman |
| 100
|taggatós |
| 200
|tagurha ka gatós |
| 500
|tagilma ka gatós |
| 1,000
|taglibo |
| 5,000
|tagilma ka libo |
| 10,000
|taglaksà, tagnapulò ka libo |
| 50,000
|tagilma ka laksà, tagkalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000
|tagyaba |
| 1,000,000
|tagyukót |
| 1,000,000,000
|tagwakát |
= Multiplicative =
Multiplicative (or viceral) numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ka- prefix. The prefixes "naka-" and "maka-" may also be used to specify if the number is used in the nasugdan or pagasugdan aspect, respectively.
| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" |
| Number
! Cebuano |
|---|
| 1 (once)
| kausá, kás-a |
| 2 (twice)
| kaduhá |
| 3 (thrice)
| katuló |
| 4
| kaupát |
| 5
| kalimá |
| 6
| kaunóm |
| 7
| kapitó |
| 8
| kawaló |
| 9
| kasiyám |
| 10
|kanapulò, kapulò |
| 11
|kanapúlog-usá |
| 20
|kakaluháan |
| 21
|kakaluháag-usá |
| 25
|kakaluháag-limá |
| 30
|kakatlóan |
| 40
|kakap-atan |
| 50
|kakalím-an |
| 60
|kakan-óman |
| 70
|kakapitóan |
| 80
|kakawalóan |
| 90
|kakasiyáman |
| 100
|kagatós |
| 200
|kaduhá ka gatós |
| 500
|kalimá ka gatós |
| 1,000
|kalibo |
| 5,000
|kalimá ka libo |
| 10,000
|kalaksà, kanapulò ka libo |
| 50,000
|kalimá ka laksà, kakalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000
|kayaba |
| 1,000,000
|kayukót |
| 1,000,000,000
|kawakát |