Cello (web browser)

File:Cello old.gif

The development of Cello started in 1992, with beta versions planned for June 1993 and a release for July 1993.{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/News/9305.html|title=May World-Wide Web News|work=World Wide Web Consortium|access-date=8 June 2010}}{{Cite book|first=Steve |last=Sheppard|title=The history of legal education in the United States: commentaries and primary sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQgrjw9qiqcC&pg=PA1186|access-date=28 March 2010|date=April 2007|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-58477-690-1|page=1186}}{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/historyday/abstracts.html|title=WEB HISTORY DAY: PIONEERING SOFTWARE AND SITES|publisher=The World Wide Web History Project|access-date=28 March 2010}} It was publicly announced on 12 April 1993.{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0048.html|title=Plans for cello MS-Windows client|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=12 April 1993|access-date=28 March 2010}}

The Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School created the first law site on the

Internet in 1992 and the first legal website in 1993. However, at the time, there were no web browsers for the Microsoft Windows operating system, which was used by most lawyers. Thus, to allow lawyers to use their website, the Legal Information Institute developed the first Windows-based Web browser.{{Cite book|first=Robert J. |last=Ambrogi|title=The essential guide to the best (and worst) legal sites on the Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4oETB8_EbIC|access-date=28 March 2010|date=1 June 2004|publisher=ALM Publishing|isbn=978-1-58852-117-0|page=22|chapter=Chapter 3: The Best (and Worst) Legal Sites on the Web|chapter-url=http://www.law.com/pdf/sfb/WorstCh03.pdf}}{{cite book|first=J. R. |last=Okin|title=The information revolution: the not-for-dummies guide to the history, technology, and use of the World Wide Web|url=https://archive.org/details/informationrevol0000okin|url-access=registration |access-date=2 April 2010|date=30 September 2005|publisher=Ironbound Press|isbn=978-0-9763857-3-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/informationrevol0000okin/page/95 95]}}{{Cite book|first=Edwin D. |last=Reilly|title=Milestones in computer science and information technology|url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil|url-access=registration |access-date=2 April 2010|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-521-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil/page/33 33]}} This was made possible by a grant from the National Center for Automated Information Research.This can be seen in the "About Cello" dialog in Cello. It is also stated in the "Notices, Acknowledgments, Disclaimers" section of the included .hlp file in Cello.

Although other browsers at the time were based on CERN's WWW libraries called libwww, PCs of the time were not powerful enough to run the UNIX-oriented code. As a result, Thomas Bruce had to rewrite most of the WWW libraries to work on Microsoft Windows. Unlike most commercial browsers at that time, Cello used none of Mosaic's source code and thus had a different look and feel.{{cite thesis |last1=Pak |first1=Sean Sang-Chul |title=Scheme for identifying and describing behavioral innovations embodied in computer programs |date=1996 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |hdl=1721.1/40608 |type=Thesis }}{{Cite book|last=Vaughan-Nichols|first=Steven J.|title=Inside the World Wide Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IMV7TgH-igC|access-date=4 June 2010|date=September 1995|publisher=New Riders |isbn=978-1-56205-412-0|pages=186–187}}

Steven Sinofsky, president of the Windows division at Microsoft wrote in a June 1994 email: We do not currently plan on any other client software [in the upcoming release of Windows 95], especially something like Mosaic or Cello.{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f2600/2613-1.htm|title=U.S. v. Microsoft: Proposed Findings of Fact|work=Civil Action No. 98-1232 (TPJ) |publisher=US DOJ|access-date=10 April 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Justice-counters-MS-claims/2100-1001_3-205644.html|title=Justice counters MS claims|last=Goodin |first=Dan |date=20 November 1997|publisher=CNET News |access-date=2 May 2010}}{{Cite news|title=Browser Memos Pose Challenge To Microsoft |first=Steve |last=Lohr |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/browser-memos-pose-challenge-to-microsoft.html|work=The New York Times|date=5 November 1998 |access-date=2 May 2010}}{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1998/08/14304|title=Justice: MS Floating 'Old Ideas'|last= Scoblionkov|first=Deborah|date=7 August 1998|magazine=Wired|access-date=2 May 2010}} Nevertheless, on 11 January 1995, Microsoft announced that it had licensed the Mosaic technology from Spyglass, which it would use to create Internet Explorer. On 15 August 1995, Microsoft debuted its own web browser Internet Explorer 1 for Windows 95. While it did not ship with the original release of Windows 95, it shipped with Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95.

When released in 1993, Cello was the only browser for the Microsoft Windows platform. Shortly after launch, Cello was being downloaded at a rate of 500 copies per day.{{Cite book|first1=James |last1=Gillies|first2=R. |last2=Cailliau|title=How the Web was born: the story of the World Wide Web|url=https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill|url-access=registration |access-date=2 April 2010|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-286207-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/235 235]}} As such, it achieved a fair amount of use and recognition within the legal community, including a number of PC users with between 150,000 and 200,000 users. In 1994, most websites were visited using either the Cello browser or the Mosaic browser.{{Cite book | last = Kasser | first = Barbara | title = Practical Internet | publisher = Knopf Books for Young Readers | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-7897-2226-3 | page = [https://archive.org/details/practicalinterne00kass/page/19 19] | url = https://archive.org/details/practicalinterne00kass/page/19 }} Despite having fewer features than Mosaic, Cello continued to be used due to its simpler interface and lower system requirements.{{cite web |url=http://www.aloha.net/hol/html/wsckrvu.html |title=Winsock Client Software Reviews |access-date=2017-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961220095033/http://www.aloha.net/hol/html/wsckrvu.html#wwwb |archive-date=20 December 1996}}. Retrieved 2014-03-17. Cello was praised for being easy to install, because it wasn't necessary to install Win32s or a TCP/IP stack for Windows 3.1.{{cite web|last=Wheeler|first=David A.|title=Information on How to Download Lovelace|url=http://www.adahome.com/Tutorials/Lovelace/download.htm|access-date=26 July 2010|date=5 October 1996}} Following the release of Windows 95, which offered a much better TCP/IP interface, Cello fell into disuse and was abandoned.{{Cite book | last = IV | first = Louis | title = Microsoft Windows Dna Exposed | publisher = Knopf Books for Young Readers | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-672-31561-9 | page = [https://archive.org/details/microsoftwindows00loui/page/13 13] | url = https://archive.org/details/microsoftwindows00loui/page/13 }}

By 1995, Cello, like the Mosaic browser, was overshadowed by two newer browsers — Netscape and Internet Explorer — and fell into disuse.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1145/286238.286240|title=Who won the Mosaic War?|year=1998|last1=Berghel|first1=Hal|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=41|page=13|issue=10|s2cid=14458048|doi-access=free}}{{Cite web|title=Windows Sockets (Winsock) Apps - winter15.zip|url=http://cd.textfiles.com/cica/cica9603/disk2/disc2/winsock/00_index.htm|access-date=2021-01-23|website=cd.textfiles.com}} By 1999, Cello was considered to be a "historical" browser.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1145/319382.319384|title=Digital village: the cost of having analog executives in a digital world|year=1999|last1=Berghel|first1=Hal|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=42|page=11|issue=11|s2cid=16651522}}{{Cite book|first=Álvaro |last=Castells|title=Internet dictionary: a comprehensive guide to the language of the Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkwoO8IUEosC&pg=PA30|access-date=2 April 2010|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=978-0-7494-3667-4|page=30}}

Cello is considered to be one of the early casualties of the first browser wars.{{Cite book |first=Allen |last=Kent|author-link=Allen Kent |title=Encyclopedia of library and information science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0UHXl5cEAEC&pg=PA50|access-date=2 April 2010|date=29 June 1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-2064-3|page=50}}

Cello had the following features:{{Cite journal|doi=10.1145/234173.234177|title=The client's side of the World-Wide Web|year=1996|last1=Berghel|first1=Hal|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=39|page=30|s2cid=2003788|doi-access=free}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

• inline graphics support: GIF, XBM, PCX, and BMP.{{cite web|url=https://lists.ucdavis.edu/sympa/arc/law-lib/1994-02/msg00198.html|title=Cello v1 released|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=17 February 1994|publisher=University of California|access-date=27 March 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609164303/http://lawlibrary.ucdavis.edu/LAWLIB/feb94/0210.html|archive-date=9 June 2011}} Note: to view the original link, click on it, click the anti-spammer button, go back and refresh page{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1994q1/0190.html|title=Cello Beta v.8 Released (longish)|last=Bruce |first=Thomas R. |date=5 November 1993|work=WWW-Talk Han-March 1994|access-date=27 March 2010}}
• PostScript viewing and sound playing
• File saving and printing.
• Editing support for local files via an external editor. Integration with the HTMLAssistant Windows-based HTML helper/editor.
• File caching ad infinitum using a file-based cache with user-specified "low water mark".
• DDE and OLE drag-and-drop support. Cello can be invoked and controlled through the use of DDE macros in other programs. URL arguments on the command line are also supported.
• "Peek mode", permitting partial retrieval of files of large or unknown size.
• Local file mode for HTML delivery on standalone machines or machines with LAN connections only.
• Support for HTML "mailto:" scheme with integrated email sending client.{{cite book|last1=December|last2=Randall|first1=John|first2=Neil|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwidewebunle00dece/page/21 21]|title=The World Wide Web unleashed|year=1994|publisher=Sams Publishing|isbn=1-57521-040-1|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwidewebunle00dece/page/21}}
• Support for the full HTML+ ISO-LATIN character set, including specialized legal symbols, foreign characters, etc.
• User-selectable sound players, viewers, editor, and Telnet and TN3270 clients.
• Comprehensive online documentation in Windows Help format.
• Simple user interface.
• Fully extensible support for viewing downloaded files in an unlimited number of PC-binary file formats using the standard Windows Associate... scheme.
• Bookmarks{{Cite book|first=Neil |last=Randall|title=Teach yourself the Internet: around the world in 21 days|url=https://archive.org/details/teachyourselfint00rand_0|url-access=registration |access-date=28 March 2010|year=1994|publisher=Sams|isbn=978-0-672-30519-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/teachyourselfint00rand_0/page/211 211]–212}}
• Local browsing{{Cite journal|title=Network World|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gRcEAAAAMBAJ|access-date=28 March 2010|publisher=IDG Network World Inc|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gRcEAAAAMBAJ/page/n15 19], 22, 24|author1=Inc, I.D.G. Network World|journal=Network World: The Leader in Network Knowledge|date=27 June 1994|issn=0887-7661}}
• Simpler interface (compared to Mosaic){{Cite journal|last=Emslie|first=Mike|year=1994|title=Setting up a World Wide Web Server|journal=Computers in Higher Education Economics Review: Cheer|volume= 8|issue= 3|issn=1358-5363|url=http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/cheer/ch8_3/ch23_p22.htm}}

}}

Unlike Mosaic, Cello did not have toolbar buttons,{{Dubious|Cello did have toolbar buttons|date=November 2019}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj2fWLEtLs8C&q=%22Cello+has+exactly+three+buttons+on+the+toolbar:+Up+(or+Back+in+other+browsers),+Stop,+and+Home%22|title=Genealogy Online|last=Crowe|first=Elizabeth Powell|date=2001|publisher=Osborne/McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780072131147|pages=24|language=en|quote=Cello has exactly three buttons on the toolbar: Up (or Back in other browsers), Stop, and Home.}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgfqnlZVyMoC&q=%22The+toolbar+includes+only+three+buttons%22|title=Navigating the Internet|last1=Smith|first1=Richard James|last2=Gibbs|first2=Mark|last3=McFedries|first3=Paul|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Sams.net|isbn=9780672307188|pages=232|language=en|quote=The "toolbar" includes only three buttons (...)}} and instead commands were accessed through pull-down menus.

;Supported Protocols

Cello supported the following protocols: HTTP 1.0, Gopher (but not Gopher+), read-only FTP,{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207053327/http://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellofaq.html|archive-date=7 December 2003|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellofaq.html|title=FAQ for Cello|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|publisher=Cornell Law School|work=Part 1|access-date=27 March 2010|url-status=dead}} SMTP mailing, Telnet, Usenet,{{cite web|url=http://spot.fho-emden.de/alge/museum/programme.htm|title=Das World Wide Web Museum - Programme|last=Klaassen|first=Gerd|year=2001|publisher=Fachhochschule Emden/Leer|language=de|access-date=27 March 2010}} CSO/ph/qi directly{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/Recommendations/gabrwsrtools.html|title=Internet Browser Resources for enjoying Golden Age Radio History|access-date=15 June 2010|archive-date=10 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610114759/http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/Recommendations/gabrwsrtools.html|url-status=dead}} and WAIS, HyTelnet, TechInfo, Archie, X.500, TN3270 and a number of others through public gateways.{{cite web|title=FAQ For Cello (Part 2)|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellocfg.html|access-date=28 March 2010|publisher=Cornell Law School|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211194555/http://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellocfg.html|archive-date=11 February 2005|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/internet/hist_news/histnews_1_6.txt|title=Histnews: The Electronic History Newsletter|date=12 October 1993|work=Vol.1, No.6|access-date=27 March 2010}}{{Cite book|last=Kressin|first=Mark|title=The Internet and the World Wide Web: a time-saving guide for new users|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHzyAAAAMAAJ|access-date=4 June 2010|date=15 January 1997|publisher=Prentice Hall PTR|isbn=978-0-13-493743-4|page=115}}

;Supported FTP servers

Cello supported the following FTP servers: most Unix servers (including SunOS, System V, and Linux), IBM VM, VMS systems, Windows NT, QVTNet, NCSA/CUTCP/Rutgers PC servers, FTP Software PC server, HellSoft NLM for Novell.

;Internet Connection

Cello works best with a direct Ethernet connection, but it also supports SLIP and PPP dialup connections through the use of asynchronous sockets. Cello has an integrated TCP/IP runtime stack.

The following versions were released:

Although Cello 2.0 had been announced, development ceased before a public release.

IBM released a fix for their TCP/IP V2.0 stack so that Cello would work with OS/2 WinOS/2 on 9 February 1994.

The following table shows how Cello compared to browsers of its time.

• The first edition of BURKS, a project to produce non-profit CD-ROMs of resources for students of Computer Science, was based on Cello.{{Cite journal|last=English |first=John |year=1999|title=Building self-contained websites on CD-ROM|journal=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin|publisher=ACM|location=New York, NY, USA|volume= 31|issue= 3|pages=159–162 |issn=0097-8418 |url=http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=305906&type=pdf|doi=10.1145/384267.305906|doi-access=free}}
• InterAp, by California Software Inc, was based on Cello and featured a web browser with Telnet, FTP, and a Visual Basic-compatible scripting language called NetScripts.{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29yXg0pQp4wC&q=%22interap%22+%22calsoft.com%22&pg=PA153|title=The Easy Net Book|last=Teare|first=Keith|date=1996|publisher=Keith Teare|isbn=9781850322528|pages=153|language=en|chapter=Internet software. Full internet suites: InterAp}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.panix.com/~clocke/meckler-web/interap.html|title=California Software Inc. -- InterAp|website=www.panix.com|access-date=2019-11-15}}
• A version of Lovelace came bundledYou can still download latest bundle (with unmodified exe of Cello 1.01a) by manually replacing "lovelace.zip" with "lovecell.zip" in the http server link. with Cello.

While originally Cello required the Distinct Corporation's TCP/IP stack, with the release of Cello Beta Version .8, Cello dropped support for Distinct, and became exclusively Winsock-based.{{Cite book|title=AUUGN|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xI_blk_IVb0C|access-date=28 March 2010|publisher=AUUG, Inc.|page=95|author1=Auug, Inc|date=December 1993}}

Originally, although Cello could run on OS/2, OS/2's implementation of Winsock had bugs that prevented Cello from accessing the Internet. The bug, APAR #PN52335, was later fixed allowing Cello to properly work on OS/2.{{Cite web|title=OS/2 Site - Upgrades - Patches|url=http://www.os2site.com/sw/upgrades/patches/index.html|access-date=2021-01-23|website=www.os2site.com}}

The user agent for Cello is LII-Cello/ libwww/2.5.{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTRQ_Headers.html|title=HTTP Request fields|date=3 May 1994 |work=Protocols|publisher=W3C|access-date=28 March 2010}}

Cello featured Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) support. OLE support and DDE client support were planned, but never released.

An example of how to invoke Cello from a Microsoft Word macro:

Sub MAIN

ChanNum = DDEInitiate("Cello", "URL")

DDEExecute(ChanNum, "http://www.law.cornell.edu")

DDETerminate(ChanNum)

End Sub

Cello has the following system requirements:

{{cite web|url=http://kottke.org/05/07/cello-is-a-graphical-www-browser-like-mosaic|title=Cello is a graphical WWW browser like Mosaic|last=Kottke|first=Jason|date=26 July 2005|access-date=27 March 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/webdocs/HTMLdocs/PCTOOLS/pc_browsers.html|title=PC WWW BROWSERS|date=1 December 1995|work=PC Browsers|publisher=University of Toronto|access-date=27 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230091707/http://www.toronto.edu/webdocs/HTMLdocs/PCTOOLS/pc_browsers.html|archive-date=30 December 2008|url-status=live}}

• Processor: 80386(386SX) at 16 MHz{{cite web|url=http://www.adahome.com/Tutorials/Lovelace/download.htm|title=Information on How to Download Lovelace#On Installing a Web Browser|last=Wheeler|first=David A.|date=5 October 1996|publisher=Ada Home|access-date=27 March 2010}} or better{{cite web|url=http://www.osec.doc.gov/webresources/accessibility/BP3_AdditionalResources.htm|title=Useful Accessibility Resource Web Sites|date=29 March 2010|work=Web Advisory Group (WAG)|publisher=US Department of Commerce Office of the CIO|access-date=10 April 2010|archive-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401125108/http://www.osec.doc.gov/webresources/accessibility/BP3_AdditionalResources.htm|url-status=dead}}
• Operating system: Windows 3.1 / 3.11 / Windows NT 3.5 / OS/2.
• Ram: 2 MB RAM, 4 MB RAM recommended
• A TCP/IP connection running Winsock

Cello was not very stable and its development halted early.

Cello did not render graphics well and required that the user reload the webpage when resizing the window. Like most browsers at the time, Cello also did not support any web security protocols. It was also said that Cello rendered html "crudely" and pages would appear jaggedly.{{cite web|title=Reviews - Cello|last=Reichard|first=Kevin|url=https://www.cnet.com/Content/Reviews/Compare/Browsers/cello.html|website=CNET|access-date=15 June 2010|date=20 December 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970212040520/http://www.cnet.com/Content/Reviews/Compare/Browsers/cello.html |archive-date=12 February 1997}}

Cello also had sub-par performance in accessing the Internet and processing hypermedia documents.

• Lynx
• Mosaic
• MacWeb
• Libwww

{{Reflist|group="A"}}

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• {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203074149/http://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/|title=Official website}}

{{Early web browsers}}

{{web browsers|desktop}}

{{gopher clients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cello (Web Browser)}}

Category:Windows web browsers

Category:Gopher clients

Category:Cornell University

Category:1993 software

Category:1994 software

Category:Discontinued web browsers

Category:OS/2 web browsers