Cellular agriculture#Dairy

{{short description|Production of agriculture products from cell cultures}}

Cellular agriculture focuses on the production of agricultural products from cell cultures using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to create and design new methods of producing proteins, fats, and tissues that would otherwise come from traditional agriculture.{{Cite web |url=https://agfundernews.com/closer-look-cellular-agriculture-and-the-processes-defining-it.html|title=A Closer Look at Cellular Agriculture and the Processes Defining It - AgFunderNews|date=2016-07-05|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-05}} Most of the industry is focused on animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs, produced in cell culture, an alternative to raising and slaughtering farmed livestock which is associated with substantial global problems regarding its environmental impact (e.g. of meat production), animal welfare, food security and human health.{{cite journal |last1=Bryant |first1=Christopher J |title=Culture, meat, and cultured meat |journal=Journal of Animal Science |date=3 August 2020 |volume=98 |issue=8 |pages=skaa172 |doi=10.1093/jas/skaa172 |pmid=32745186 |issn=0021-8812|pmc=7398566 }}{{cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Tae Kyung |last2=Shin |first2=Dong-Min |last3=Choi |first3=Joonhyuk |last4=Do |first4=Jeong Tae |last5=Han |first5=Sung Gu |title=Current Issues and Technical Advances in Cultured Meat Production: AReview |journal=Food Science of Animal Resources |date=May 2021 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=355–372 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2021.e14 |pmid=34017947 |issn=2636-0772|pmc=8112310 }}{{cite journal |last1=Treich |first1=Nicolas |title=Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges |journal=Environmental and Resource Economics |date=1 May 2021 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=33–61 |doi=10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3 |pmid=33758465 |language=en |issn=1573-1502 |pmc=7977488}}{{Cite journal|title=Cellular agriculture: The coming revolution in food production |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |pages=32–35 |volume=74 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2017.1413059 |first=CS |last=Mattick |date=January 2018| bibcode=2018BuAtS..74a..32M |s2cid=149404346}} Cellular agriculture is a field of the biobased economy. The most well known cellular agriculture concept is cultured meat.

History

Although cellular agriculture is a nascent scientific discipline, cellular agriculture products were first commercialized in the late 20th century with insulin and rennet.{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/about|title=About|access-date=2016-08-08}}

On March 24, 1990, the FDA approved a bacterium that had been genetically engineered to produce rennet, making it the first genetically engineered product for food.{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-24-mn-681-story.html|title=FDA approves 1st genetically engineered product for food|date=1990-03-24}} Rennet is a mixture of enzymes that turns milk into curds and whey in cheese making. Traditionally, rennet is extracted from the inner lining of the fourth stomach of calves. Today, cheese making processes use rennet enzymes from genetically engineered bacteria, fungi, or yeasts because they are unadulterated, more consistent, and less expensive than animal-derived rennet.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/gmfood/chymosin.html|title=Case Studies: Chymosin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522102627/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/gmfood/chymosin.html|archive-date=2016-05-22}}

In 2004, Jason Matheny founded New Harvest, whose mission is to "accelerate breakthroughs in cellular agriculture".{{Cite web|url=https://new-harvest.org/who-we-are/|title=Who We Are|first1=1401 21st|last1=Street|first2=Suite 4556|last2=Sacramento|first3=Ca 95811-5226|last3=Usa}} New Harvest is the only organization focused exclusively on advancing the field of cellular agriculture and provided the first PhD funding specifically for cellular agriculture, at Tufts University.{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/cellular_agriculture_tufts_university|title=Cellular Agriculture at Tufts University.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807065054/http://www.new-harvest.org/cellular_agriculture_tufts_university|archive-date=2016-08-07|url-status=dead}}

By 2014, IndieBio, a synthetic biology accelerator in San Francisco, has incubated several cellular agriculture startups, hosting Muufri (making milk from cell culture, now Perfect Day Foods), The EVERY Company (making egg whites from cell culture), Gelzen (making gelatin from bacteria and yeast, now Geltor), Afineur (making cultured coffee beans) and Pembient (making rhino horn). Muufri and The EVERY Company were both initially sponsored by New Harvest.

In 2015, Mercy for Animals created The Good Food Institute, which promotes plant-based and cellular agriculture.{{Cite web|url=https://vegnews.com/2016/3/mfa-launches-new-sister-organization|title=MFA Launches New Sister Organization |first=Richard|last=Bowie |website=VegNews.com}}

Also in 2015, Isha Datar coined the term "cellular agriculture" (often shortened to "cell ag") in a New Harvest Facebook group.{{cite web |last1=Crosser |first1=Nate |title=Cellular agriculture landscape |url=https://ecotech.substack.com/p/cellular-agriculture-landscape |website=Fifth Industrial|date=13 April 2021 }}{{cite web |title=Useful Resources |url=https://cellularagricultureaustralia.org/useful-resources/ |website=Cellular Agriculture Australia}}

On July 13, 2016, New Harvest hosted the world's first international conference on cellular agriculture in San Francisco, California. The day after the conference, New Harvest hosted the first closed-door workshop for industry, academic, and government stakeholders in cellular agriculture.{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@NewHarvestOrg/notes-from-the-2016-cellular-agriculture-innovators-workshop-c97d4df4eabb#.dow8i6r2m|title=Notes from the 2016 Cellular Agriculture Innovators' Workshop|last=Harvest|first=New |date=2016-08-04|website=Medium|access-date=2016-08-05}}

Research tools

Several key research tools are at the foundation of research in cellular agriculture. These include:{{Cite journal |last1=Talbot |first1=Neil C. |last2=Blomberg |first2=Le Ann |date=2008-01-01 |title=The Pursuit of ES Cell Lines of Domesticated Ungulates. |journal=Stem Cell Reviews |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=235–254 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232876 |doi=10.1007/s12015-008-9026-0 |pmid=18612851 |s2cid=1490897 }}

= Cell lines =

A fundamental missing piece in the advancement of cultured meat is the availability of the appropriate cellular materials. While some methods and protocols from human and mouse cell culture may apply to agricultural cellular materials, it has become clear that most do not. This is evidenced by the fact that established protocols for creating human and mouse embryonic stem cells have not succeeded in establishing ungulate embryonic stem cell lines.{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Challenges and prospects for the establishment of embryonic stem cells of domesticated ungulates|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=98|issue=1–2 |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.009 |pmid=17097839 |pages=147–68 |last1=Keefer |first1=CL |last2=Pant |first2=D |last3=Blomberg |first3=L |last4=Talbot |first4=NC}}{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=The pursuit of ES cell lines of domesticated ungulates |journal=Stem Cell Rev |volume=4 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s12015-008-9026-0 |pmid=18612851 |pages=235–154 |last1=Talbot |first1=NC |last2=Le Ann |first2=Blomberg |s2cid=1490897 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232876}}{{Cite book |date=2016 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-3483-6_5 |pages=81–99 |series=Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine |last1=Nowak-Imialek |first1=Monika |last2=Niemann |first2=Heiner |title=Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine |chapter=Embryonic Stem Cells and Fetal Development Models |isbn=978-1-4939-3481-2}}

The ideal criteria for cell lines for the purpose of cultured meat production include immortality, high proliferative ability, surface independence, serum independence, and tissue-forming ability. The specific cell types most suitable for cellular agriculture are likely to differ from species to species.{{Cite book|date=2013|volume=1074|doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-628-3_9|pmid=23975809|pages=111–23 |last1=Cao |first1=S |last2=Wang |first2=F |last3=Liu |first3=L|title=Epiblast Stem Cells |chapter=Isolation and Culture of Bovine Embryonic Stem Cells |series=Methods in Molecular Biology|isbn=978-1-62703-627-6}}{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Why is it so difficult to derive pluripotent stem cells in domestic ungulates?|pmid=22913556|journal=Reprod Domest Anim |volume=47 |issue=Suppl 5|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02106.x|pages=11–7 |last1=Gandolfi |first1=F |last2=Pennarossa |first2=G |last3=Maffei |first3=S |last4=Brevini |first4=T| doi-access=free}}

= Growth media =

Conventional methods for growing animal tissue in culture involve the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is a blood product extracted from fetal calves. This product supplies cells with nutrients and stimulating growth factors, but is unsustainable and resource-heavy to produce, with large batch-to-batch variation.{{Cite journal|last=Van der Valk |first=J |date=2010 |title=Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media--replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methods |journal=Toxicol in Vitro|volume=24|issue=4|doi=10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.016|pmid=20362047|pages=1053–63 |hdl=1874/191398 |s2cid=205410680|hdl-access=free}} Cultured meat companies have been putting significant resources into alternative growth media.

After the creation of the cell lines, efforts to remove serum from the growth media are key to the advancement of cellular agriculture as fetal bovine serum has been the target of most criticisms of cellular agriculture and cultured meat production. It is likely that two different media formulations will be required for each cell type: a proliferation media, for growth, and a differentiation media, for maturation.{{Cite journal|last=Agapakis|first=Christina|date=2012|title=Steak of the Art: The Fatal Flaws of In Vitro Meat|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/04/24/steak-of-the-art-the-fatal-flaws-of-in-vitro-meat/#.V6jP-Vcw3zI|journal=Discover Magazine}}

= Scaling technologies =

As biotechnological processes are scaled, experiments start to become increasingly expensive, as bioreactors of increasing volume will have to be created. Each increase in size will require a re-optimization of various parameters such as unit operations, fluid dynamics, mass transfer, and reaction kinetics.

= Scaffold materials =

For cells to form tissue, it is helpful for a material scaffold to be added to provide structure. Scaffolds are crucial for cells to form tissues larger than 100 μm across. An ideal scaffold must be non-toxic for the cells, edible, and allow for the flow of nutrients and oxygen. It must also be cheap and easy to produce on a large scale without the need for animals.

= 3D tissue systems =

The final phase for creating cultured meat involves bringing together all the previous pieces of research to create large (>100 μm in diameter) pieces of tissue that can be made of mass-produced cells without the need for serum, where the scaffold is suitable for cells and humans.

Applications

While the majority of the discussion has been around food applications, particular cultured meat, cellular agriculture can be used to create any kind of agricultural product, including those that never involved animals to begin with, like Ginkgo Biowork's fragrances.

= Meat =

Cultured meat (also known by other names) is a meat produced by in vitro cell cultures of animal cells.{{Cite journal |last=Datar |first=I |date=January 2010 |title=Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system |journal=Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.007 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/7469618}} It is a form of cellular agriculture, with such agricultural methods being explored in the context of increased consumer demand for protein.{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danieladelorenzo/2022/03/17/dutch-parliament-approves-cultured-meat-tasting-within-the-netherlands/?sh=274e269460bf |work=Forbes.com |title=Dutch Parliament Approves Cultured Meat Tasting In The Netherlands |first=Daniela |last=De Lorenzo |date=17 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022}}

Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques traditionally used in regenerative medicines.{{Cite journal|last=Post|first=Mark|date=4 December 2013|title=Medical technology to Produce Food|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=94|issue=6|pages=1039–1041|doi=10.1002/jsfa.6474|pmid=24214798}} The concept of cultured meat was introduced to wider audiences by Jason Matheny in the early 2000s after he co-authored a paper{{Cite journal |last=Edelman|first=PD|date=3 May 2005|title=Commentary: In Vitro-Cultured Meat Productionsystem |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7746539 |journal=Tissue Engineering|volume=11|issue=5–6|pages=659–662 |doi=10.1089/ten.2005.11.659|pmid=15998207|access-date=8 April 2018|citeseerx=10.1.1.179.588}} on cultured meat production and created New Harvest, the world's first nonprofit organization dedicated to in-vitro meat research.{{Cite web |last=Schonwald |first=Josh |date=May 2009 |url=http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0906/features/future_fillet.shtml |title=Future Fillet |publisher=The University of Chicago Magazine}}

Cultured meat may have the potential to address substantial global problems of the environmental impact of meat production, animal welfare, food security and human health.{{cite journal |last1=Bryant |first1=Christopher J |title=Culture, meat, and cultured meat |journal=Journal of Animal Science |date=1 August 2020 |volume=98 |issue=8 |pages=skaa172 |doi=10.1093/jas/skaa172|pmid=32745186 |pmc=7398566 }}{{cite journal |last1=Treich |first1=Nicolas |title=Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges |journal=Environmental and Resource Economics |date=May 2021 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=33–61 |doi=10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3|pmid=33758465 |pmc=7977488 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Paul |last2=Thorrez |first2=Lieven |last3=Hocquette |first3=Jean-François |last4=Troy |first4=Declan |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=2023-04-01 |title="Cellular agriculture": current gaps between facts and claims regarding "cell-based meat" |journal=Animal Frontiers |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1093/af/vfac092 |doi-access=free|pmc=10105885 }} Specifically, it can be thought of in the context of the mitigation of climate change.

File:The Meat Revolution Mark Post.webm by Mark Post of the University of Maastricht about in vitro meat]]

File:Lab Grown Meat explained by New Harvest.webm and Xprize explaining the development of cultured meat and a "post-animal bio-economy" driven by lab-grown protein (meat, eggs, milk)]]

In 2013, professor Mark Post at Maastricht University pioneered a proof-of-concept for cultured meat by creating the first hamburger patty grown directly from cells. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant called "The Chicken"{{cite journal |last1=Kolyohin |first1=Nick |title=Feature: Israeli cultured meat company aims to redefine industry |journal=Xinhua News Agency |date=2 July 2021 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/02/c_1310040282.htm |access-date=2 July 2021}} in Tel Aviv to test consumer reaction to its "Chicken" burger,{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Adele |title=At the first lab-grown meat restaurant, you can eat a 'cultured chicken' sandwich |journal=Fast Company |date=5 November 2020 |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90572093/at-the-first-lab-grown-meat-restaurant-you-can-eat-a-cultured-chicken-sandwich |access-date=18 January 2021}} while the "world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat" occurred in December 2020 at the Singapore restaurant "1880", where cultured meat manufactured by the US firm Eat Just was sold.{{cite journal |last1=Scully |first1=Matthew |title=Hello Cultured Meat, Goodbye to the Cruelty of Industrial Animal Farming |journal=National Review |date=17 January 2021 |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/01/hello-cultured-meat-good-bye-to-the-cruelty-of-industrial-animal-farming/ |access-date=18 January 2021}}

While most efforts in the space focus on common meats such as pork, beef, and chicken which comprise the bulk of consumption in developed countries,{{cite web |title=What is the most consumed meat in the world? |url=https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-is-the-most-consumed-meat-in-the-world |access-date=14 October 2021}} some new companies such as Orbillion Bio have focused on high end or unusual meats including Elk, Lamb, Bison, and the prized Wagyu strain of beef.{{cite news |title=Investors eat up Orbillion Bio's plans for lab-grown Wagyu beef, elk and bison |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/26/investors-eat-up-orbillion-bios-plans-for-lab-grown-wagyu-beef-elk-and-bison/ |access-date=14 October 2021 |date=26 April 2021}} Avant Meats has brought cultured grouper fish to market {{cite news |title=Lab-grown fish makes a debut in Hong Kong |url=https://thefishsite.com/articles/lab-grown-fish-makes-a-debut-in-hong-kong |access-date=14 October 2021 |date=29 January 2021}} as other companies have started to pursue cultivating additional fish species and other seafood.{{cite news |title=Seafood Without The Sea: Will Lab-Grown Fish Hook Consumers? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/05/05/720041152/seafood-without-the-sea-will-lab-grown-fish-hook-consumers |access-date=14 October 2021 |date=5 May 2019}}

The production process is constantly evolving, driven by multiple companies and research institutions.{{Cite web|url=http://www.futurefood.org/in-vitro-meat/index_en.php|title=Future Food - In Vitro Meat|date=November 2018|website=futurefood.org|access-date=26 November 2018}} The applications of cultured meat have led to ethical, health, environmental, cultural, and economic discussions.{{Cite news|url=http://sentience-politics.org/policy-papers/cultured-meat/|title=Cultured Meat |last=Rohrheim|first=A|date=June 2016|work=Sentience Politics|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005128/https://sentience-politics.org/policy-papers/cultured-meat/|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=dead}} In terms of market strength, data published by the non-governmental organization Good Food Institute found that in 2021 cultivated meat companies attracted $140 million in Europe alone.

Currently cultured meat is served at special events and few high end restaurants, mass production of cultured meat has not started yet.

File:Assembly of fibrous muscle, fat, and vascular tissues to cultured steak.webp method to produce steak-like cultured meat.{{cite news |title=Japanese scientists produce first 3D-bioprinted, marbled Wagyu beef |url=https://newatlas.com/science/world-first-lab-grown-wagyu-beef-japan/ |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=25 August 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Dong-Hee |last2=Louis |first2=Fiona |last3=Liu |first3=Hao |last4=Shimoda |first4=Hiroshi |last5=Nishiyama |first5=Yasutaka |last6=Nozawa |first6=Hajime |last7=Kakitani |first7=Makoto |last8=Takagi |first8=Daisuke |last9=Kasa |first9=Daijiro |last10=Nagamori |first10=Eiji |last11=Irie |first11=Shinji |last12=Kitano |first12=Shiro |last13=Matsusaki |first13=Michiya |title=Engineered whole cut meat-like tissue by the assembly of cell fibers using tendon-gel integrated bioprinting |journal=Nature Communications |date=24 August 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=5059 | pmid=34429413| doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25236-9 |language=en |issn=2041-1723|pmc=8385070 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.5059K }}]]

In 2020, the world's first regulatory approval for a cultivated meat product was awarded by the Government of Singapore. The chicken meat was grown in a bioreactor in a fluid of amino acids, sugar, and salt.{{cite news | title=These $50 Chicken Nuggets Were Grown in a Lab | newspaper=Bloomberg.com | date=October 22, 2019 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-22/clean-meat-just-chicken-nuggets-grown-in-a-lab-coming-soon | access-date=February 27, 2020 | first=Deena | last=Shanker | archive-date=February 25, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225182053/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-22/clean-meat-just-chicken-nuggets-grown-in-a-lab-coming-soon | url-status=live }} The chicken nuggets food products are ~70% lab-grown meat, while the remainder is made from mung bean proteins and other ingredients. The company pledged to strive for price parity with premium "restaurant" chicken servings.{{cite web | last=Corbyn | first=Zoë | title=Out of the lab and into your frying pan: the advance of cultured meat | website=the Guardian | date=January 19, 2020 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jan/19/cultured-meat-on-its-way-to-a-table-near-you-cultivated-cells-farming-society-ethics | access-date=February 27, 2020 | archive-date=February 11, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211055549/https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jan/19/cultured-meat-on-its-way-to-a-table-near-you-cultivated-cells-farming-society-ethics | url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Ives |first1=Mike |title=Singapore Approves a Lab-Grown Meat Product, a Global First |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/business/singapore-lab-meat.html |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122085523/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/business/singapore-lab-meat.html |url-status=live }}

{{For|an overview of start-up companies and non-profit organisations working on cellular meat|Cultured meat#Companies working on cultured meat}}

= Dairy =

Perfect Day is a San Francisco-based startup that started as the New Harvest Dairy Project and was incubated by IndieBio in 2014. Perfect Day is making dairy from yeast instead of cows.{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/muufri_milk|title=Muufri Milk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609012500/http://www.new-harvest.org/muufri_milk|archive-date=2016-06-09|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.muufri.com|title=Perfect Day: All the dairy you love, with none of the dairy cows.|website=Perfect Day}} The company changed its name from Muufri to Perfect Day in August 2016.{{Cite web|url=https://perfectday.com/faqs/|title=Non-Animal Protein FAQs|website=Perfect Day}}

New Culture is a San Francisco-based startup that was incubated by IndieBio in 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://agfundernews.com/brief-kraft-heinz-invests-in-new-culture-3-5m-seed-round-for-cell-grown-cheese.html|title=BRIEF: Kraft Heinz's VC invests in New Culture $3.5m seed round for cell-grown cheese|date=2019-09-10|website=AgFunderNews|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-16}} New Culture makes mozzarella cheese using casein protein (dairy protein) made by microbes instead of cows.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cell.ag/interview-matt-gibson-new-culture/|title=Interview: Matt Gibson, CEO of New Culture Foods|website=www.cell.ag|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2019-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222053056/https://www.cell.ag/interview-matt-gibson-new-culture/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/science/lab-grown-milk.html|title=Got Impossible Milk? The Quest for Lab-Made Dairy|last=Sheikh|first=Knvul|date=2019-08-02|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-09-16|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web|title=New Culture|url=https://www.newculturefood.com/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=www.newculturefood.com|language=en}}

Real Vegan Cheese based in the San Francisco Bay-area is a grass-roots, non-profit Open Science collective working out of two open community labs and was spun out of the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition in 2014.{{Cite web|url=https://realvegancheese.org/|title=Real Vegan Cheese {{!}}|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-16}} Real Vegan Cheese are making cheese using casein protein (dairy protein) made by microbes instead of cows.{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/04/diy-biotech-vegan-cheese/|title=Cow Milk Without the Cow Is Coming to Change Food Forever|last=Wohlsen|first=Marcus|date=2015-04-15|magazine=Wired|access-date=2019-09-16|issn=1059-1028}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/827852/fblk|title=Real Vegan Cheese!|website=Indiegogo|language=en|access-date=2019-09-16}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.livekindly.co/scientists-develop-real-vegan-cheese-made-lab-milk/|title=Scientists Develop 'Real Vegan Cheese' Made From Lab 'Milk' {{!}} News|last=Murray-Ragg|first=Nadia|date=2017-10-01|website=LIVEKINDLY|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-16}}{{Cite web|title=Real Vegan Cheese|url=https://www.realvegancheese.org/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Real Vegan Cheese|language=en-US}}

Formo, based in Germany, is a startup making dairy products using microbial precision fermentation.{{Cite web|title=Formo - The Future Dairy from Berlin.|url=https://formo.bio/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=formo.bio}}
Imagindairy, based in Israel, is a startup attempting to create milk proteins from bioengineered yeast.{{Cite web |date=2021-01-08 |title=Imagindairy plans to cut out the cow and make milk from yeast |url=https://newatlas.com/science/imagindairy-milk-yeast-cow/ |access-date=2021-08-15 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Blood, brains and burgers: The future is lab-grown everything |url=https://newatlas.com/technology/lab-grown-meat-wood-dairy-human-organs-future/ |access-date=2021-08-15 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}} In 2024 it had received FDA and Israeli Ministry of Health approval for its products.{{Cite web |last=Spiro |first=James |date=2024-11-26 |title=Imagindairy’s animal-free dairy gets green light in Israel |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/rj3dggmqkg |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=CTech |language=en}}
Remilk, based in Israel, is a startup attempting to create milk proteins from bioengineered yeast. In 2022 it had received FDA approval for its products.{{Cite news |last=Ashkenazi |first=Shani |date=2022-08-06 |title=Israeli cultivated dairy co Remilk wins FDA approval |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-israeli-cultivated-dairy-co-remilk-wins-fda-approval-1001414484 |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=Globes |language=en}}
Wilk, based in Israel, is a startup attempting to produce human mother milk ingredients using cells from breast reduction surgeries, to supplement infant formulas.{{Cite news |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=2023-04-04 |title=French dairy giant Danone leads $3.5m investment into Israeli cultured milk startup |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-dairy-giant-danone-leads-3-5m-investment-into-israeli-cultured-milk-startup/ |work=Times of Israel}}
NewMoo, based in Israel, is a startup attempting to create casein protein within the seeds of genetically modified plants.{{Cite web |last=Southey |first=Flora |date=2024-05-28 |title=Multiple milk proteins grown in a single plant? NewMoo makes liquid casein for animal-free cheese |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2024/05/28/molecular-farming-newmoo-makes-liquid-casein-in-soy-for-cheese/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=FoodNavigator |language=en}}
Real Deal Milk, based in Spain, is a startup attempting to create milk proteins from bioengineered microbes.{{Cite web |last=Southey |first=Flora |date=2022-05-04 |title=‘Will there still be dairy cows by 2050? We don’t think so’: Real Deal Milk taps microbes to make vegan cheese in Barcelona |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2022/05/04/will-there-still-be-dairy-cows-by-2050-we-don-t-think-so-real-deal-milk-taps-microbes-to-make-vegan-cheese-in-barcelona/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=FoodNavigator |language=en}}
Opalia, based in Canada, is a startup attempting to produce milk from cows' mammary cells.{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Cell-based dairy company Opalia brings animal-free milk closer to shelves - Food In CanadaFood In Canada |url=https://www.foodincanada.com/research-and-development/cell-based-dairy-company-opalia-brings-animal-free-milk-closer-to-shelves-152200/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.foodincanada.com |language=en-US}}
De Novo Foodlabs, based in Raleigh, North Carolina and Cape Town, South-Africa, is a startup producing nature-identical milk ingredients, such as lactoferrin, using precision fermentation.{{Cite web |last=Southey |first=Flora |date=2022-03-14 |title=De Novo Dairy: Meet Africa’s first precision fermentation player making human milk proteins for infant nutrition |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2022/03/14/De-Novo-Dairy-Meet-Africa-s-first-precision-fermentation-player-making-human-milk-proteins-for-infant-nutrition/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=FoodNavigator |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=De Novo Foodlabs - Advancing what's next in nutrition |url=https://denovofoodlabs.com/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=De Novo Foodlabs Lands $4M in Fresh Funding |url=https://www.vcnewsdaily.com/de-novo-foodlabs/venture-capital-funding/lcdjtmhgjq |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.vcnewsdaily.com}}
Cultivated Biosciences, based in Switzerland, is a startup attempting to produce fats from non-GMO yeast to make plant based milk more creamy.{{Cite web |last=Southey |first=Flora |date=2021-09-27 |title=Fermenting yeast into ‘cream’: Start-up adds richness and texture to plant-based dairy |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2021/09/27/Cultivated-Biosciences-develops-fat-ingredient-from-oleaginous-yeast-for-plant-based-dairy/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=FoodNavigator.com |language=en}}
Naturopy, based in France, is a startup attempting to create milk proteins from bioengineered yeast.{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Oliver |date=2022-09-12 |title=Start-up harnesses caseins and dairy fatty acids to develop ‘next generation’ of cheese |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2022/09/12/Start-up-harnesses-caseins-and-dairy-fatty-acids-to-develop-next-generation-of-cheese/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=FoodNavigator |language=en}}

= Eggs =

The EVERY Company is a San Francisco-based startup that started as the New Harvest Egg Project and was incubated by IndieBio in 2015. The EVERY Company is making egg whites from yeast instead of eggs.{{Cite web|url=https://new-harvest.org/under-development/|title=Under Development|first1=1401 21st|last1=Street|first2=Suite 4556|last2=Sacramento|first3=Ca 95811-5226|last3=Usa}}

= Gelatin =

Geltor is a San Francisco-based startup that was incubated by IndieBio in 2015. Geltor is developing a proprietary protein production platform that uses bacteria and yeast to produce gelatin.{{Cite web|url=https://biotechin.asia/2015/12/02/gelzen-inc-making-sustainable-animal-free-gelatin/|title=Gelzen Inc. – Making sustainable, animal-free gelatin|date=December 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819211621/https://biotechin.asia/2015/12/02/gelzen-inc-making-sustainable-animal-free-gelatin/|archive-date=August 19, 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.gelzen.com|title=Geltor|website=gelzen.com}}

= Coffee =

In 2021, media outlets reported that the world's first synthetic coffee products have been created by two biotechnology companies, still awaiting regulatory approvals for near-term commercialization.{{cite news |last1=Lavars |first1=Nick |title=Lab-grown coffee cuts out the beans and deforestation |url=https://newatlas.com/science/lab-grown-coffee-beans-deforestation/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=20 September 2021}}{{cite news |title=Eco-friendly, lab-grown coffee is on the way, but it comes with a catch |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/16/lab-grown-coffee-eco-friendly |access-date=26 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=16 October 2021 |first=Nadra |last=Nittle |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Sustainable coffee grown in Finland |url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/sustainable-coffee-grown-finland-land-drinks-most-coffee-capita-produces-its-first |website=VTT News |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=18 October 2021 |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1= Jaloliddin Khushvakov, Sebastian E. W. Opitz, Nadja Plüss, Jasmin Sun, Linda Josefine Manthey |first1=Heiko Rischer, and Chahan Yeretzian|title=Analytical Platform to Determine Similarities and Dissimilarities between Cell-Cultured Coffee and Farm-Grown Coffee|journal=Journal of Food Science & Technology |date=2024 |doi=10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00238|doi-access=free}} Such products – which can be produced via cellular agriculture in bioreactors and for which multiple companies' R&D have acquired substantial funding – may have equal or highly similar effects, composition and taste as natural products but use less water, generate less carbon emissions, require less labor{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}} and cause no deforestation. Cell-cultured coffee is a much more radical approach to the multiple challenges that traditional coffee is facing. While 100% coffee, cell-cultured coffee is cultivated in the lab from coffee cells to deliver, after drying, a powder that can be roasted and extracted.

= Horseshoe crab blood =

Sothic Bioscience is a Cork-based startup incubated by IndieBio in 2015. Sothic Bioscience is building a platform for biosynthetic horseshoe crab blood production. Horseshoe crab blood contains limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), which is the gold standard in validating medical equipment and medication.{{cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/sothic-bioscience|title=Sothic Bioscience: Protecting human lives while preserving an ancient species|access-date=2016-08-08|archive-date=2016-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729223953/http://www.new-harvest.org/sothic-bioscience|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=http://bitnami-lampstack-b011.cloudapp.net|title=Lampstack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301045717/http://bitnami-lampstack-b011.cloudapp.net/|archive-date=2018-03-01|url-status=dead}}

= Fish =

Cellular agriculture could be used for commercial fish feed.

Finless Foods is working to develop and mass manufacture marine animal food products.{{Cite web |url=https://www.finlessfoods.com/ |title=Finless Foods – Finless Foods |access-date=2018-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924102222/https://finlessfoods.com/ |archive-date=2018-09-24 |url-status=dead }}
Wild Type is a San Francisco-based startup focused on creating cultured meat to address items such as climate change, food security, and health.{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/wild-type-raises-3-5m-to-reinvent-meat-for-the-21st-century/|title=Wild Type raises $3.5M to reinvent meat for the 21st century|date=29 March 2018 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.thewildtype.com/|title=Home|website=Wild Type|access-date=2018-05-09|archive-date=2019-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827034102/https://www.thewildtype.com/|url-status=dead}}

= Fragrances =

Ginkgo Bioworks is a Boston-based organism design company culturing fragrances and designing custom microbes.{{cite web|url=http://www.ginkgobioworks.com|title=The Organism Company - Ginkgo Bioworks|website=Ginkgo Bioworks}}

= Silk =

Spiber is a Japan-based company decoding the gene responsible for the production of fibroin in spiders and then bioengineering bacteria with recombinant DNA to produce the protein, which they then spin into their artificial silk.{{Cite web|url=http://newatlas.com/spiber-synthetic-silk/28267/|title=Artificial "Spiber" silk is tougher than Kevlar|date=12 July 2013 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.spiber.jp|title=Spiber株式会社|website=Spiber株式会社}}
Bolt Threads is a California-based company creating engineered silk fibers based on proteins found in spider silk that can be produced at commercial scale. Bolt examines the DNA of spiders and then replicates those genetic sequences in other ingredients to create a similar silk fiber. Bolt's silk is made primarily of sugar, water, salts, and yeast. Through a process called wet spinning, this liquid is spun into fiber, similar to the way fibers like acrylic and rayon are made.{{cite web|url=https://boltthreads.com|title=Bolt Threads|website=boltthreads.com}}{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/11/bolt-threads-patagonia/|title=Bolt Threads Will Bring Its Spider Silk Fabric to Patagonia|last=Rao|first=Leena|date=May 11, 2016|publisher=Fortune}}{{Cite web|title=Bolt Threads|url=https://boltthreads.com/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=boltthreads.com}}

= Leather =

Modern Meadow is a Brooklyn-based startup growing collagen, a protein found in animal skin, to make biofabricated leather.{{cite web|url=http://www.modernmeadow.com|title=Modern Meadow – Leather re-imagined|website=modernmeadow.com}}

= Pet food =

Clean Meat cluster lists Because Animals,{{Cite web|title=Because Animals|url=https://becauseanimals.com/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Because Animals|language=en}} Wild Earth and Bond Pet Foods{{Cite web|title=Bond Pet Foods - Animal-free & Protein-Rich Pet Food|url=https://www.bondpets.com/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Bond Pet Foods|language=en-US}} as participants in developing pet foods that use cultured meat.{{cite web |title=Wild Earth Announces the World's First Cell-Based Meat Developed for Dogs |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221026005209/en/Wild-Earth-Announces-the-World%E2%80%99s-First-Cell-Based-Meat-Developed-for-Dogs |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |date=26 October 2022}}

= Wood =

In 2022, scientists reported the first 3D-printed lab-grown wood. It is unclear if it could ever be used on a commercial scale (e.g. with sufficient production efficiency and quality).{{cite news |last1=Brahambhatt |first1=Rupendra |title=Science Scientists can now grow wood in a lab without cutting a single tree |url=https://interestingengineering.com/lab-grown-wood |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=Interesting Engineering}}{{cite journal |last1=Beckwith |first1=Ashley L. |last2=Borenstein |first2=Jeffrey T. |last3=Velásquez-García |first3=Luis F. |title=Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterization of novel, 3D-printed, tunable, lab-grown plant materials generated from Zinnia elegans cell cultures |journal=Materials Today |date=1 April 2022 |volume=54 |pages=27–41 |doi=10.1016/j.mattod.2022.02.012 |s2cid=247300299 |language=en |issn=1369-7021|doi-access=free }}

Issues

Academic programs

= New Harvest Cultured Tissue Fellowship at Tufts University =

A joint program between New Harvest and the Tissue Engineering Research Center (TERC), an NIH-supported initiative established in 2004 to advance tissue engineering. The fellowship program offers funding for Masters and PhD students at Tufts university who are interested in bioengineering tunable structures, mechanics, and biology into 3D tissue systems related to their utility as foods.{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/grants|title=Grant Opportunities, New Harvest|website=new-harvest.org|publisher=New Harvest|access-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018200955/http://www.new-harvest.org/grants|archive-date=October 18, 2016|url-status=dead}}

Conferences

= New Harvest Conference =

New Harvest brings together pioneers in the cellular agriculture and new, interested parties from industry and academia to share relevant learnings for cellular agriculture's path moving forward. The Conference has been held in San Francisco, California, Brooklyn, New York, and is currently held in Cambridge, Massachusetts.{{Cite web|url=https://new-harvest.org/|title=Home|website=New Harvest}}

= Industrializing Cell-Based Meats & Seafood Summit =

The 3rd Annual Industrializing Cell-Based Meats & Seafood Summit is the only industry-led forum uniting key decision-makers from biotech and food tech, leading food and meat companies, and investors to discuss key operational and technical challenges for the development of cell-based meats and seafood.{{Cite web|url=https://industrializingcultivatedmeats.com/|title=Industrializing Cultivated Meats & Seafood Summit|website=4th Industrializing Cultivated Meats & Seafood Summit}}

= International Scientific Conference on Cultured Meat =

The International Scientific Conference on Cultured Meat began in collaboration with Maastricht University in 2015, and brings together an international group of scientists and industry experts to present the latest research and developments in cultured meat. It takes place annually in Maastricht, The Netherlands.{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturedmeatconference.com/|title=International Conference on Cultured Meat|website=International Conference on Cultured Meat|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-02}}

= Good Food Conference =

The GFI conference is an event focused on accelerating the commercialization of plant-based and clean meat.{{cite web|url=http://www.goodfoodconference.com|title=Good Food Conference 2018|website=goodfoodconference.com}}

= Cultured Meat Symposium =

The Cultured Meat Symposium is a conference held in Silicon Valley highlighting top industry insights of the clean meat revolution.{{cite web|url=http://www.kulr8.com/story/39177932/cultured-meat-symposium-announces-cell-based-meat-conference-planned-for-november-2018|title=Cultured Meat Symposium Announces Cell-Based Meat Conference Planned for November 2018|publisher=KULR8}}{{Cite web|url=https://cms21.io/|title=CMS21 – Cultured Meat Symposium|website=CMS21}}

= Alternative Protein Show =

The Alternative Protein Show is a "networking event" to facilitate collaboration in the "New Protein Landscape", which includes plant-based and cellular agriculture.{{Cite web|url=https://newprotein.org/|title=The KET Maps — FoodTech Industry Landscapes|website=The KindEarth.Tech Maps}}

= New Food Conference =

The New Food Conference is an industry-oriented event that aims to accelerate and empower innovative alternatives to animal products by bringing together key stakeholders. It is Europe's first and biggest conference on new-protein solutions.{{Cite web|url=https://www.new-food-conference.com/|title=New Food Conference|website=www.new-food-conference.com}}

In the media

= Books =

:*Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World is a book about cellular agriculture written by animal activist Paul Shapiro (author). The book reviews startup companies that are currently working towards mass-producing cellular agriculture products.{{cite web|url=https://cleanmeat.com/|title=Clean Meat - The Bestselling Book by Paul Shapiro|website=cleanmeat.com}}{{cite book|url=http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Clean-Meat/Paul-Shapiro/9781501189081|title=Clean Meat|date=2 January 2018|isbn=9781501189081|last1=Shapiro|first1=Paul}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haU3Y9ooPZ8|title=Cultured Meat and Future Food Podcast Episode 03: Paul Shapiro|last=Cultured Meat Future Food|date=8 April 2018|via=YouTube}}

:*Meat Planet: Artificial Flesh and the Future of Food by Benjamin Aldes Wurgaft is the result of five years researching cellular agriculture, and explores the quest to generate meat in the lab, asking what it means to imagine that this is the future of food. It is published by the University of California Press.{{Cite book|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520295537/meat-planet?mc_cid=4282227b23&mc_eid=00ba3967ba|title=Meat Planet|date=September 2019 |isbn=9780520295537 |language=en|last1=Wurgaft |first1=Benjamin Aldes }}

:*Where do hot dogs come from? A Children's Book about Cellular Agriculture by Anita Broellochs, Alex Shirazi and Illustrated by Gabriel Gonzalez turns a family BBQ into a scientific story explaining how hot dogs are made with cellular agriculture technologies. The book was launched on Kickstarter on July 20, 2021.{{cite web|url=https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/where-do-hot-dogs-come-from-childrens-book/|title=This Children's Book Wants To Inspire Future Cell-Based Meat Makers|last=Green Queen Media|date=30 July 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://thespoon.tech/food-tech-news-food-waste-sneakers-cell-ag-childrens-book-and-bon-appetits-new-app/|title=Food Tech News: Food Waste Sneakers, Cell-Ag Children's Book, and Bon Appétit's New App|last=The Spoon|date=31 July 2021}}

= Podcasts =

Cultured Meat and Future Food is a podcast about clean meat and future food technologies hosted by Alex Shirazi,{{Cite web|title=Alex Shirazi {{!}} User Experience Designer|url=https://alexshirazi.com/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=alexshirazi.com}} a mobile User Experience Designer based in Menlo Park, California, whose current projects focus on retail technology. The podcast features interviews with industry professionals from startups, investors, and non-profits working on cellular agriculture.{{cite web|url=http://cleanmeatpodcast.com/|title=Cultured Meat and Future Food|website=cleanmeatpodcast.com}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC33S_Bjg2Hs1tuqDdABjf0Q|title=Cultured Meat Future Food|website=YouTube}}

==Similar fields of research and production==

Microbial food cultures and genetically engineered microbial production (e.g. of spider silk{{cite news |title=Spider silk made by photosynthetic bacteria |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-spider-silk-photosynthetic-bacteria.html |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807092649/https://phys.org/news/2020-07-spider-silk-photosynthetic-bacteria.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Foong |first1=Choon Pin |last2=Higuchi-Takeuchi |first2=Mieko |last3=Malay |first3=Ali D. |last4=Oktaviani |first4=Nur Alia |last5=Thagun |first5=Chonprakun |last6=Numata |first6=Keiji |title=A marine photosynthetic microbial cell factory as a platform for spider silk production |journal=Communications Biology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=2020-07-08 |issn=2399-3642 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-1099-6 |page=357 |pmid=32641733 |pmc=7343832 }} or solar-energy-based protein powder){{cite news |title=Growing food with air and solar power: More efficient than planting crops |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-food-air-solar-power-efficient.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Phys.org |language=en |date=June 22, 2021 |first=Bob |last=Yirka}}{{cite journal |last1=Leger |first1=Dorian |last2=Matassa |first2=Silvio |last3=Noor |first3=Elad |last4=Shepon |first4=Alon |last5=Milo |first5=Ron |last6=Bar-Even |first6=Arren |title=Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production can use land and sunlight more efficiently than conventional crops |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=29 June 2021 |volume=118 |issue=26 |pages=e2015025118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2015025118 |pmid=34155098 |s2cid=235595143 |language=en |issn=0027-8424|pmc=8255800 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11815025L |doi-access=free }}
Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins (e.g. of spider silk similar plant-proteins-based plastics alternatives){{cite news |title='Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-vegan-spider-silk-sustainable-alternative.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en |date=June 10, 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Kamada |first1=Ayaka |last2=Rodriguez-Garcia |first2=Marc |last3=Ruggeri |first3=Francesco Simone |last4=Shen |first4=Yi |last5=Levin |first5=Aviad |last6=Knowles |first6=Tuomas P. J. |title=Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins into high-performance multifunctional nanostructured films |journal=Nature Communications |date=10 June 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3529 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6 |pmid=34112802 |pmc=8192951 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3529K |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}
Cell-free artificial synthesis (see Biobased economy#Agriculture)
Imitation foods (e.g. meat analogues and milk substitutes)

References

External links

[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1TV9w1LT2VkHqUjK0jmP9-i4LLJ4hNanMnTVzSGJiGFs/view#gid=0 Overview of relevant bibliography]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190528191409/https://www.new-harvest.org/cellular_agriculture New Harvest]
[https://www.cellag.org/ Cellular Agriculture Society]