Cellular beam
{{Short description|Steal beam with circular holes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
Cellular beam is a further development of the traditional castellated beam.{{Cite book |last= |first= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mb-60WSlb5sC&dq=Cellular+beam+development+of+castellated+beam.&pg=PA62 |title=Steel Designers' Manual |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-14051-3412-5 |editor-last=Davison |editor-first=Buick |edition=6th |publication-place=Oxford, England |publication-date=2005 |page=62 |language=en |chapter=Multi-storey buildings |ol=8405874M |access-date=10 May 2021 |orig-date=1st ed. published 1955 |editor-last2=Owens |editor-first2=Graham W. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902164556/https://books.google.com/books?id=mb-60WSlb5sC&dq=Cellular+beam+development+of+castellated+beam.&pg=PA62 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |url-status=live }} The advantage of the steel beam castellation process is that it increases strength without adding weight, making both versions an inexpensive solution to achieve maximum structural load capacity in building construction.{{Cite journal |last1=Ponsorn |first1=Phattaraphong |last2=Phuvoravan |first2=Kitjapat |date=8 May 2020 |title=Efficiency of Castellated and Cellular Beam Utilization Based on Design Guidelines |url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29SC.1943-5576.0000497 |url-status=live |journal=Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction |language=en |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |volume=25 |issue=3 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000497 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510132337/https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000497 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |s2cid=218968589|url-access=subscription }}
The difference between cellular beam and castellated beam is the visual characteristic.{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Framing schematics |url=https://www.steelconstruction.info/Framing_schematics#:~:text=%5Btop%5DCellular%20beams&text=In%20a%20castellated%20beam%2C%20the,to%20achieve%20a%20deeper%20section.&text=In%20a%20cellular%20beam%2C%20the,form%20circular%20or%20elongated%20openings. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035059/https://www.steelconstruction.info/Framing_schematics#:~:text=%5Btop%5DCellular%20beams&text=In%20a%20castellated%20beam%2C%20the,to%20achieve%20a%20deeper%20section.&text=In%20a%20cellular%20beam%2C%20the,form%20circular%20or%20elongated%20openings. |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=SteelConstruction.info |publisher=BCSA, Steel for life, SCI |language=en}} A cellular beam has round openings (circular pattern) while the castellated beam has hexagonal openings (hexagonal pattern), both of which are achieved by a cutting and welding process.{{Cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PF4AgAAQBAJ&dq=castellated+beams+vs+cellular+beam&pg=PA42 |title=Architectural Design in Steel |last2=Trebilcock |first2=Peter |date=2004 |publisher= Spon Press of Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-203-64165-5 |edition=1st |publication-place=London, England and New York, NY, USA |page=42 |language=en |ol=34581663M |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902164606/https://books.google.com/books?id=2PF4AgAAQBAJ&dq=castellated+beams+vs+cellular+beam&pg=PA42 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |url-status=live |accessdate=10 May 2021}} Cellular beams are usually made of structural steel, but can also be made of other materials.{{Cite conference |last1=Mesquita |first1=Luís |last2=Gonçalves |first2=João |last3=Gonçalves |first3=Gustavo |last4=Piloto |first4=Paulo |date=2015 |title=Intumescent Fire Protection of Cellular Beams |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-cutting-process-of-cellular-beams-The-use-of-cellular-Beams-in-buildings-2_fig1_285583757 |conference=X Congress on Steel and Composite Structures |language=en |location=Coimbra, Portugal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130836/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-cutting-process-of-cellular-beams-The-use-of-cellular-Beams-in-buildings-2_fig1_285583757 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |via=ResearchGate |conference-url=https://www.researchgate.net/project/fire-protection-of-steel-cellular-beams |url-status=live}} The cellular beam is a structural element that mainly withstands structural load laterally applied to the axis of the beam, and influences the overall performance of steel framed buildings.{{Cite journal |last1=d'Aniello |first1=Mario |last2=Landolfo |first2=Raffaele |last3=Piluso |first3=Vincenzo |last4=Rizzano |first4=Gianvittorio |date=6 November 2012 |title=Ultimate behavior of steel beams under non-uniform bending |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143974X12001502 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Constructional Steel Research |language=en |volume=78 |pages=144–158 |doi=10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.07.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130833/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143974X12001502 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021|url-access=subscription }} The type of deflection is mainly done by bending.
Introduction
In 1987, Westok Structural Services Ltd of Wakefield invented and patented the structural steel cellular beam.{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K792dXxSI4UC&dq=Westok+are+the+inventors+of+cellular+beams.&pg=PA303 |title=Structures in the new millennium: proceedings of the fourth International Kerensky Conference on structures in the new millennium |date=1997 |publisher=A.A. Balkema Publishers |isbn=9054108983 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=P.K.K. |location=Hong Kong |publication-place=Rotterdam, The Netherlands |page=303 |language=en |oclc=39016527 |ol=12809130M |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902164606/https://books.google.com/books?id=K792dXxSI4UC&dq=Westok+are+the+inventors+of+cellular+beams.&pg=PA303 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |url-status=live }}
In 2009, the Steel Construction Institute developed software to assist engineers evaluating the dynamic behaviour of composite floors supported by cellular beams.{{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.L. |url=https://www.steelconstruction.info/images/5/5a/SCI_P354.pdf |title=Design of Floors for Vibration: A New Approach |last2=Hicks |first2=S.J. |last3=Devine |first3=P.J. |date=February 2009 |publisher=The Steel Construction Institute |edition=2nd |publication-place=Ascot, Berkshire, England |language=en |orig-date=1st ed. published 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510180933/https://www.steelconstruction.info/images/5/5a/SCI_P354.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2021 |url-status=live |accessdate=5 May 2021}}
Since 1940, civil engineers have endeavoured to find solutions to reduce the cost and weight of steel frame construction.{{Cite web |last=Barone |first=Adam |date=7 October 2022 |others=reviewed by Margret James, fact checked by Suzanne Kvilhaug |title=Value Engineering |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/value-engineering.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410182020/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/value-engineering.asp |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=Investopedia |language=en |publication-place=New York City, NY, USA}} Due to the restrictions with regard to the maximum permissible deflections, the high-strength properties of structural steel cannot always be optimally used.{{Cite tech report |last=Nicole |first=Schillo |last2=Feldmann |first2=Markus |last3=Björk |first3=Timo |last4=Schaffrath |first4=Simon |last5=Tuominen |first5=Niko Petteri |last6=Virdi |first6=Kuldeep |last7=Heinisuo |first7=Markku |last8=Mela |first8=Kristo |last9=Veljkovic |first9=Milan |date=12 January 2016 |title=Rules on high strength steel (RUOSTE) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309637215 |access-date=5 May 2021 |language=en |via=ResearchGate |doi=10.2777/908095 |last10=Pavlović |first10=Marko |last11=Manoleas |first11=Panagiotis |last12=Valkonen |first12=Ilkka |last13=Minkinen |first13=Jussi |last14=Juha |first14=Erkkilä |last15=Petursson |first15=Eva |last16=Clarin |first16=Matthias |last17=Sayer |first17=Alfred |last18=Horvath |first18=Lazlo |last19=Kövesdi |first19=B. |last20=Turan |first20=Pal |last21=Somodi |first21=Balázs}} As a result, several new steel mixtures have been identified to increase the stiffness of steel components without significantly increasing the required steel weight.{{Cite news |last=Laister |first=David |date=8 December 2020 |title=First new British Steel product in Jingye Group era unveiled for high rise construction market |language=en |publisher=Business Live |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/manufacturing/first-new-british-steel-product-19420257 |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142930/https://www.business-live.co.uk/manufacturing/first-new-british-steel-product-19420257 |archive-date=10 May 2021}} The use of steel girders with web openings (SBWOs) for structures such as industrial buildings has proven to be extensive.{{Cite journal |last1=Morkhade |first1=Samadhan G. |last2=Gupta |first2=Laxmikant M. |date=21 July 2015 |title=An experimental and parametric study on steel beams with web openings |journal=International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=249–260 |bibcode=2015IJASE...7..249M |doi=10.1007/s40091-015-0095-4 |doi-access=free |s2cid=108692833}} Civil engineers came up with a solution to use a composite design of ultra-shallow floor joists together with concrete used on the Douala Grand Mall in Cameroon.{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 September 2020 |title=Innovation through composite construction |language=en |work=Creamer Media |department=Engineering News |publication-place=South Africa |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/innovation-through-composite-construction-2020-11-16 |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902164605/https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/innovation-through-composite-construction-2020-11-16 |archive-date=2 September 2022}} Since the 2010s, further investigations into steel construction and fire protection have been carried out,{{Cite tech report |last=Vassart |first=O. |last2=Hawes |first2=M. |last3=Simms |first3=I. |last4=Zhao |first4=B. |last5=Franssen |first5=J.-M. |last6=Nadjai |first6=A. |date=2012 |title=Fire resistance of long span cellular beam made of rolled steel |url=https://constructalia.arcelormittal.com/files/KINA25122ENN_002--f4c9df320630aef17a272401a92c910e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142516/https://constructalia.arcelormittal.com/files/KINA25122ENN_002--f4c9df320630aef17a272401a92c910e.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=5 May 2021 |publisher=European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation |language=en |format=PDF |publication-place=Brussels, Belgium |doi=10.2777/38158 |isbn=978-92-79-22428-7 |issn=1831-9424 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=CPD 3 2018: Steel and fire protection |url=https://www.building.co.uk/cpd/cpd-3-2018-steel-and-fire-protection/5091899.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130833/https://www.building.co.uk/cpd/cpd-3-2018-steel-and-fire-protection/5091899.article |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |publisher=Building UK |language=en}} which led to innovations in the field of passive fire protection that could save lives and assets.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 September 2020 |title=Breakthrough solution in passive fire protection saving lives and assets |url=https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/sherwin-williams-protective-marine/breakthrough-solution-in-passive-fire-protection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130835/https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/sherwin-williams-protective-marine/breakthrough-solution-in-passive-fire-protection |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |publisher=Sherwin-Williams Protective & Marine |language=en |via=Architecture & Design }}