Cenchrus ciliaris
{{Short description|Species of grass}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Buffel grass|Buffalo grass}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cenchrus ciliaris.jpg
|genus = Cenchrus
|species = ciliaris
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|authority = L.
|synonyms = *Pennisetum ciliare {{au|(L.) Link}}
- Pennisetum cenchroides Rich.
}}
Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel-grass{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}} or African foxtail grass; syn. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link) is a species of grass native to most of Africa, southern Asia (east to India), southern Iran, and the extreme south of Europe (Sicily).{{GRIN | access-date = 22 December 2017}} Other names by which this grass is known include dhaman grass, anjan grass and koluk katai.{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Gbase/data/Pf000196.HTM |title=Cenchrus ciliaris L. |work=Grassland species: Profiles |publisher=FAO |access-date=22 November 2016}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.desertmuseum.org/invaders/invaders_buffelgrass.php|title=Buffelgrass|website=www.desertmuseum.org|access-date=2019-12-04}}
Description
African foxtail grass is a perennial grass growing to {{convert|20|to|120|cm|in|-1|abbr=on}} tall. The leaves are linear, {{convert|3|to|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|4|to|10|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} wide. The flowers are produced in a panicle {{convert|2|to|14|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|to|2.6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide.{{GrassBase | name = Cenchrus ciliaris | id = imp02040}}
Distribution
African foxtail grass is native to tropical Africa, the Mediterranean region and the hotter and drier parts of Asia. It is a deep-rooted grass, tolerates drought, and will grow at altitudes of up to {{convert|2000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}. It is considered a good forage grass in Africa. It prefers light soils with a high phosphorus content. As a key species for pastoralism, Cenchrus ciliaris is projected, in one simulation, to expand its overall range in East Africa under a high-emission scenario (RCP 8.5) in the future.{{Cite journal |last=Messmer |first=Martina |last2=Eckert |first2=Sandra |last3=Torre-Marin Rando |first3=Amor |last4=Snethlage |first4=Mark |last5=González-Rojí |first5=Santos J. |last6=Hurni |first6=Kaspar |last7=Beyerle |first7=Urs |last8=Hemp |first8=Andreas |last9=Kibet |first9=Staline |last10=Stocker |first10=Thomas F. |date=2024-10-17 |title=Major distribution shifts are projected for key rangeland grasses under a high-emission scenario in East Africa at the end of the 21st century |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01731-x |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01731-x |issn=2662-4435 |pmc=11486655 |pmid=39430422}}
It is also sown in Queensland, Australia and elsewhere for grazing, hay and silage. It was introduced to the Sonoran Desert for erosion control and to feed livestock. In the Mexican part of the Sonoran Desert, it is still being planted and irrigated for livestock grazing. Cenchrus ciliaris has become naturalised and often an invasive species in Australia, the southwestern United States, Hawaii, Mexico, Central America, South America, and Macaronesia.
As an invasive species
It was introduced in the 1930s into Arizona, United States, to provide grazing. The introduction was largely unsuccessful but the grass began to appear as a weed beside highways and in cleared fields or over-grazed land. It can spread quickly and appears to increase the mortality of native plants, including grasses and even palo verdes, by taking away nearby water. This plant has a very low ignition threshold and can burn even during the peak growing season. Its flammability (injurious to neighbors) and quick regrowth allow it to compete successfully against almost all vegetation in the Sonoran Desert region.Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum: [http://www.desertmuseum.org/invaders/invaders_buffelgrass.htm Buffelgrass.]
Another problem of buffelgrass in the Sonoran Desert is that it intensifies wildfires such that saguaro cacti that normally survive wildfires can erupt into flames when growing in areas taken over by the grass.{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Tony |date=2020-06-13 |title=Invasive buffelgrass may have helped Bighorn Fire take out saguaros |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/invasive-buffelgrass-may-have-helped-bighorn-fire-take-out-saguaros/article_35fe42e6-fa56-597e-ab6d-46ebe1c63ea4.html |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Arizona Daily Star |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=Invasive grass is overwhelming U.S. deserts—providing fuel for wildfires |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/volunteers-help-fight-invasive-buffelgrass-in-sonoran-desert-parks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302195507/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/volunteers-help-fight-invasive-buffelgrass-in-sonoran-desert-parks |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Travel |language=en}}
In Queensland, Australia, the grass has also been attributed to causing a decline in the native grass species fed on by the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat,{{cite journal| last=Casey|first=Fiona |last2=Old|first2=Julie M. | last3=Stannard|first3=Hayley J. |title=Assessment of the diet of the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) using DNA metabarcoding|journal=Ecology and Evolution |date=2023|volume=13 |doi=10.1002/ece3.10469|doi-access=free|pmc=10485309}} and cited as a factor in the wombats' decline.{{Cite journal|date=2012-03-01|title=Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as an invader and threat to biodiversity in arid environments: A review|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|language=en|volume=78|pages=1–12|doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.005|issn=0140-1963|last1=Marshall|first1=V.M.|last2=Lewis|first2=M.M.|last3=Ostendorf|first3=B.|bibcode=2012JArEn..78....1M|doi-access=free}} In South Australia, it is a declared plant under the Natural Resources Management Act and weed management activities are guided by the South Australia Buffel Grass Strategic Plan (2012–17).{{Cite web|url=http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecurity/weeds_and_pest_animals/weeds_in_sa/weed_id/plant_id_notes/buffel_grass|title=Buffel Grass|date=13 February 2017|website=Primary Industries and Regions South Australia|publisher=Primary Industries and Regions South Australia|access-date=21 June 2017}} In Australia's Northern Territory, invasive buffel grass is implicated in worsening wild fires and is declared a weed.{{cite web | url=https://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/2019/02/11/west-macs-blaze-questions-and-sorrow/ | title=West MacDonnells blaze: Sorrow and questions - Alice Springs News | date=11 February 2019 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/03/12/summer-bushfires-you-didnt-hear-about-and-invasive-species-fuelling-them-1|title=The summer bushfires you didn't hear about, and the invasive species fuelling them
|website=NITV|date=12 March 2019
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Cenchrus ciliaris}}
- {{CalPhotos|Cenchrus|ciliaris}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Cenchrus ciliaris}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2715047}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Flora of North Africa