Cenotaph#The Cenotaph, Belfast

"Cenotaph" means "empty tomb" and is derived from the Greek {{langx|el|κενοτάφιον|kenotaphion|label=none}}, a compound word that is created from the morphological combination of two root words:{{citation

| title=The Century Dictionary: The Century dictionary | first1=William Dwight | last1=Whitney | publisher=Century Company | year=1914 | page=882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0dFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA882 }}{{LSJ|kenota/fion|κενοτάφιον}}, {{LSJ|keno/s|κενός}}, {{LSJ|ta/fos1|τάφος|ref}}.{{OEtymD|cenotaph}}

1. {{langx|el|κενός|kenos|label=none}} meaning "empty"
2. {{langx|el|τάφος|taphos|label=none}} meaning "tomb", from {{langx|el|θαπτω|thapto|I bury|label=none}}

File:Limyra Cenotaph of Gaius Caesar 3746.jpg cenotaph for Gaius Caesar, Turkey]]Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world. Many were built in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe (in the shape of Neolithic barrows).

The cenotaph in Whitehall, London, designed in 1919 by Sir Edwin Lutyens, influenced the design of many other war memorials in Britain and in the British sectors of the Western Front, as well as those in other Commonwealth nations. Lutyens' cenotaph was chosen as a deliberately secular monument.{{cite web |last1=Snow |first1=Dan |title=Remembrance Sunday should not be dominated by religion |date=6 November 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/06/remembrance-sunday-lack-of-secular-presence |publisher=Guardian}}

The Church of Santa Engrácia, in Lisbon, Portugal, turned into a National Pantheon in 1966, holds six cenotaphs, namely to Luís de Camões, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Afonso de Albuquerque, Nuno Álvares Pereira, Vasco da Gama and Henry the Navigator.

The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, contains a number of cenotaphs, including one for Dante Alighieri, who is buried in Ravenna.

Durban has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics.{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=David |date=2008-06-14 |title=Cenotaph, Durban |url=https://artdecobuildings.blogspot.com/2008/06/cenotaph-durban.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Art Deco Buildings}}

Gqeberha (its former name Port Elizabeth) has a cenotaph. Located on the edge of St George's Park in Rink Street, it was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914–1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled by Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923.

There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph was commemorated in 1977.The Zambian Freedom Trail Project, pamphlet phase 1 published with support by U.S. Embassy, Lusaka, Zambia

File:Monumento Malvinas Plaza San Martin I.jpg (Monument for the fallen in the Falklands War) is located in Plaza San Martin.]]

A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in Plaza San Martín, in downtown Buenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers.

Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands, exists in Campo de Mayo, a large Army facility and training field just outside Buenos Aires.

A limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda (with the cornerstone laid in 1920, and the completed monument unveiled in 1925).{{cite web|url=http://www.bermuda-attractions.com/bermuda2_000085.htm|title=Bermuda Cenotaph|access-date=16 October 2015}}

In Canada, major cenotaphs commemorating the nation's war dead in World War I and later conflicts include the National War Memorial (a cenotaph surmounted by a bronze sculpture entitled "The Response") in Ottawa; Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Victoria, St. John's, Halifax, and the Victory Square Cenotaph, in Vancouver, British Columbia.

File:Falklands War Memorial, Stanley (Falkland Islands).jpg, overlooking Stanley Harbour]]

In the Falkland Islands, there are several war memorials to commemorate those killed in the Falklands War in 1982. The main memorial for Falkland Islanders is the 1982 Liberation Memorial, a cenotaph erected in Stanley in 1984 which lists all the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in the conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind the Memorial, divided into the service branches.

Services are held at the Memorial each year on 14 June (Liberation Day){{Cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2017/06/14/commemorations-for-35th-anniversary-of-liberation-day-held-in-falklands|title=Commemorations for 35th anniversary of Liberation Day held in Falklands|work=MercoPress|access-date=2018-02-14}} and on Remembrance Sunday, with wreaths being laid at the foot of the Memorial.{{Cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2017/11/10/falklands-observance-of-remembrance-day-on-sunday-12-november|title=Falklands Observance of Remembrance Day on Sunday 12 November|work=MercoPress|access-date=2018-02-14}}

File:Indianapolis-1888215.jpg contains a public cenotaph to honor James Bethel Gresham, perhaps the first member of the American Expeditionary Force killed in World War I.{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/indianapolis/wwmemorialplaza.htm |title=Indiana World War Memorial Plaza Historic District |publisher=National Park Service|access-date=9 December 2021}} |left]]

In the United States, a cenotaph in Yale University's Hewitt Quad (or Beinecke Plaza) honours men of Yale who died in battle. The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas is often described as a cenotaph.

The Battle Monument in Baltimore, Maryland commemorates the Battle of Baltimore, the Battle of North Point on 12 September 1814, the Bombardment of Fort McHenry on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill in Patterson Park). It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead. It was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered{{who|date=July 2015}} the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government.Dorsey, John & Dilts, James D., Guide to Baltimore Architecture (1997) p. 145–146. Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, Maryland {{ISBN|0-87033-477-8}}

A cenotaph for the defenders of the Battle of the Alamo (March 1836) stands in front of the Alamo mission chapel in San Antonio, Texas. The cenotaph is empty because the remains of the fallen were cremated.

Atop War Memorial Chapel at Virginia Tech, there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech alumni who have been awarded the Medal of Honor.

Maya Lin's Memorial Wall in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, inscribed with the names of the approximately 58,000 service members who died in the Vietnam War, is one of the most visited monuments in Washington, D.C.

In New London, Texas, a cenotaph stands dedicated to the more than 300 students and teachers killed in the New London School explosion on March 18, 1937, when a natural gas leak caused an explosion and destroyed the school.{{cite sign |url=http://nlsd.net/Marker.htm |title=New London School Explosion |date=1989 |type=Historical marker |location=New London, Texas |publisher=Texas Historical Commission |via=New London Museum |id=Marker Number: 11023}}

File:Cenotaph of the japan air flight 123 at osutaka Ridge.JPG, Gunma Prefecture, Japan, built as a memorial to the victims of the crash of Japan Air Lines Flight 123]]

File:HANİBALIN MEZARI-GEBZE (2).jpg's cenotaph in Kocaeli Province, Turkey]]

In Asia, the Cenotaph in Central District of Hong Kong Island, cenotaphs in Kuala Lumpur, George Town, Ipoh, Seremban and Jesselton in Malaysia, the Cenotaph in Singapore, the Cenotaph in Colombo and the stone Cenotaph in the new Allenby Square, Romema, Jerusalem–were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I.

The concrete Memorial Cenotaph at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was designed by Kenzo Tange to commemorate the victims of the August 1945 atomic bomb attacks. The cenotaph at the 228 Peace Memorial Park in Taipei, Taiwan was erected as a memorial to the February 28 incident. In the Philippines, a cenotaph was erected inside the Manila North Cemetery in honour of the 24 Scouts who died in a plane crash en route to the 11th World Scout Jamboree.

A cenotaph at Khejarli, Rajasthan, India, memorializes the 363 Bishnoi martyrs who were massacred in 1730 while defending their local khejri trees.

In Kocaeli Province of Turkey there is a monumental cenotaph to memorialize the Carthaginian general and statesman Hannibal.

Ottoman-ruled Jerusalem surrendered to the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby during the Battle of Jerusalem in December 1917 during World War I. A cenotaph was erected in 1920 at the historical site of the surrender, later to be named Allenby Square. The inscription dedicates it to the fallen of the 60th London Division.

{{main article|Interallied Memorial of Cointe}}

The Interallied Memorial of Cointe, commissioned by FIDAC (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) and built after World War I in Liège, is a complex consisting of a cenotaph with a tower as a secular monument and the Sacré-Cœur church as a religious building. Numerous monuments donated by Allied nations are displayed in the tower and on the adjoining esplanade.{{cite book | last1 = Barlet | first1 = Jacques | last2 = Hamal | first2 = Olivier | last3 = Mainil | first3 = Sébastien | title = Le Mémorial interallié de Cointe à Liège | location = | publisher = IPW Institut du Patrimoine wallon | pages = 52 | date =2014 | isbn = 9782875221322 | language = French}}

File:Musée d'Aquitaine - intérieur - monument funéraire de Michel de Montaigne (Bordeaux).jpg, Museum of Aquitaine, Bordeaux]]

In the Museum of Aquitaine, in Bordeaux, is the cenotaph of Michel de Montaigne, a French Renaissance writer and philosopher. The tomb was sculpted in 1593, a year after his death on the request of his wife, Françoise de la Chassaigne, probably by Prieur and Guillerman, two Bordeaux ornamentists.{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/article/montaignes-tomb | title=Montaigne's tomb | le site officiel du musée d'Aquitaine }}

On the cenotaph, next to the coat of arms, there are two epitaphs, in Greek and in Latin. The one in Latin begins: "To Michel de Montaigne, son of Pierre, grandson of Grimond, great-grand-son of Raymond, knight of Saint-Michel, ex-mayor of the city of Bordeaux, a man born for glory, with gentle manners, a witty mind ...".{{Cite web|url=https://en.anecdotrip.com/anecdote/montaignes-cenotaph-in-bordeaux-aquitaine-museum-by-vinaigrette|title = Montaigne's cenotaph in Bordeaux Aquitaine museum}}

{{main article|The Cenotaph}}

A cenotaph in the UK that stands in Whitehall, London, was designed by Sir Edwin LutyensSkelton & Gliddon – Lutyens and the Great War, published 2008, Pages 23–47 (also see external link below: Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph) and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade I listed building."Buildings of outstanding or national architectural or historic interest." It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead", chosen by Lloyd George. It was intended to commemorate specifically the victims of the First World War, but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of the First World War and the Second World War are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire. The Cenotaph is used for annual Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday Commemorations held every November where all political leaders and ex-prime ministers attend and lay a wreath in dedication to the fallen.

{{main|Belfast Cenotaph}}

The Cenotaph in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of Belfast City Hall and is set within a Garden of Remembrance. It is about {{convert|9.5|m|ft}} high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual Northern Ireland memorial held on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November (Armistice Day).

In Australia, Anzac Day commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's many war memorials, but not all of them are cenotaphs. Cenotaphs include the Hobart Cenotaph, the Sydney Cenotaph and the obelisk within the State War Memorial in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia.{{Cite web |title=Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority |url=https://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/visit/history/state-war-memorial |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=State War Memorial}}

Anzac Day commemorations in New Zealand are also usually held at local war memorials. Cenotaphs include the Dunedin Cenotaph, the Wellington Cenotaph and the Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph (a copy of the Whitehall Cenotaph).

Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particularly those lost at sea. Some such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of the RMS Titanic whose bodies were not recovered after the sinking. Although Isidor Straus's body was recovered, Ida Straus's body was not, and a cenotaph at the Straus Mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx is dedicated to Isidor and Ida together. Its inscription reads: "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it.""Many Waters Cannot Quench Love" http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/documents.html ({{bibleverse|Song of Solomon|8:7|nkj}}) The striking cenotaph of Major Archibald Butt, aide to U.S. President William Howard Taft, is located at Arlington National Cemetery.{{cite web|title=Titanic Memorials: Archibald Butt Cenotaph, Arlington National Cemetery – Arlington, VA|url=http://www.glts.org/memorials/dc/arlington.html|access-date=11 July 2010}}

In Inishmore, one of the Aran Islands of Ireland, drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea known as leachtaí cuimhneacháin (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997.{{cite web|url=http://www.aranislands.ie/aran-islands/inis-mor-inishmore/churches-celtic/Leachtai-Cuimhneachain-Stone-Memorials-for-Dead|title=Leachtaí Cuimhneacháin (Stone Memorials for Dead)|work=Aran Islands|date=16 December 2013|access-date=16 October 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://youririshheritage.com/have-you-been-to-inis-mhor-the-largest-of-the-aran-islands-off-county-galway/|title=Have you been to Inis Mhór – the largest of the Aran Islands off County Galway? – Your Irish Heritage|author=Mike|work=Your Irish Heritage|access-date=16 October 2015}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}

{{main article|Chhatri}}

File:Moosi rani ki chatri.JPG]]

In India, cenotaphs are a basic element of Hindu architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums of Mughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, or the Taj Mahal, Agra, while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The term chhatri, used for these canopylike structures, comes from Hindustani word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout the northwestern region of Rajasthan as well as in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, chhatris are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals. Chhatris in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of the chhatri is painted in the same manner as the haveli.

Cenotaphs have also been the subject of a number of illustrations including:

• The Cenotaph to Reynold's Memory (John Constable, c. 1833)
• Elevation for Newton's Cenotaph, Perspective (Etienne-Louis Boullée, c. 1785)
• The Cenotaph of Jean Jacques Rousseau (Hubert Robert, 1794)

In the Internet age, virtual cenotaphs are common in the game World of Warcraft,{{cite web|url=http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/gibbs_martin|title=Game Studies|date=September 2012|volume=12|issue=1|access-date=16 October 2015}}{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iK44XQIzLos#t=128| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124012918/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iK44XQIzLos&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2013-01-24 | url-status=dead|title=A Tribute to World of Warcraft Memorials|date=13 January 2013|work=YouTube|access-date=16 October 2015}} as well as in The Elder Scrolls series games though modding add-ons.{{cite web|url=https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/72777|title=In Memory of Hugh|date=19 January 2016 |access-date=16 March 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/01/13/rip-hugh-walker-1949-2016/|title=RIP Hugh Walker, 1949–2016|website=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|date=13 January 2016|access-date=16 March 2019|last1=Walker|first1=John}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/63583/|title=Bear – In memory of Taylor|date=13 March 2015 |access-date=16 March 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/skyrimmods/comments/2ydw5e/the_top_post_on_rgaming_right_now_is_about_a/|title=The top post on r/gaming right now is about a Skyrim fan's "memorial". Maybe deserving of a mod?|date=8 March 2015|access-date=16 March 2019}}

They have also been created in the augmented reality game Ingress in honour of the slain MIT police officer Sean Collier{{cite news

|title=In Google's Ingress augmented reality game, a ceasefire at MIT and a memorial to slain officer Sean Collier

|url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2013/04/in_googles_ingress_augmented_r.html

|work=Boston Globe

|author=Scott Kirsner

|date=24 April 2013

|access-date=2 June 2013

}} and in memory of the victims of the 1942 Struma disaster.{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/operationstruma/|title=Operation Struma|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208184110/https://sites.google.com/site/operationstruma/|url-status=dead}}

On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory dedicated, in conjunction with radio station Studio Brussels, an asterism of seven stars in the vicinity of Mars which had been photographed at the exact time of David Bowie's death; when appropriately connected they form the iconic lightning bolt of Aladdin Sane.[http://www.mira.be/nl/node/2371 "StardustForBowie, Mira in the eye of a Cyclone..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123022701/http://www.mira.be/nl/node/2371 |date=23 January 2016 }}. MIRA. Retrieved 19 January 2016{{cite news|last1=Kreps|first1=Daniel|title=Belgian Astronomers Pay Tribute to David Bowie With New Constellation|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/belgian-astronomers-pay-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-new-constellation-20160116|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=16 January 2016}}

File:Rembrance Day Parade Bermuda.jpg|Remembrance Day parade, at the Cenotaph in the City of Hamilton in the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda

File:Kings Park war memorial cenotaph - panoramio.jpg|alt=|State War Memorial, Kings Park, Perth, Australia

File:Memorial Park Cenotaph Port of Spain.JPG|Cenotaph, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

File:Cenotaph Flesherton Ontario.jpg|Cenotaph, Flesherton, Ontario, Canada

File:Cenotaph 2006 10 01 04.JPG|Port Arthur Cenotaph, Waverley Park, Thunder Bay, Ontario

File:LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg|Cenotaph, Victoria Park, London, Ontario

File:Great War Memorial Niagara Falls Canada.jpg|Great War Memorial, Niagara Falls, Ontario

File:Toronto Cenotaph.JPG|Old City Hall Cenotaph, Toronto, Ontario

File:VictorySquare 1932.jpg|Cenotaph (Victoria), Victory Square, Vancouver, British Columbia

File:Path to Place du Canada.JPG|Cenotaph, Place du Canada, Montreal, Quebec

File:Victoria park cenotaph.jpg|Cenotaph, Victoria Park, Regina, Saskatchewan

File:Bruce Park Cenotaph.JPG|Bruce Park Cenotaph, Winnipeg, Manitoba

File:Glorious Dead Cenotaph, Kolkata, Remembrance Day 2016 2.jpg|Glorious Dead Cenotaph, Kolkata, India

File:Remembrance Belfast.jpg|The Cenotaph located in Donegall Square in Belfast

File:Newton memorial boullee.jpg|Étienne-Louis Boullée, fantasy sketch Cénotaphe a Newton (1784)

File:KL Cenotaph.jpg|Kuala Lumpur cenotaph, National Monument, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

File:AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg|Cenotaph at The Alamo, Spirit of Sacrifice, San Antonio, Texas

File:Cenotaph Aldershot Gardens 2016.jpg|Cenotaph in Aldershot in the UK, 'Home of the British Army'

File:Overzicht Dam tijdens herdenking des avonds, Bestanddeelnr 919-1110.jpg|National Monument, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

File:At Cape Town (MP) 2018 059.jpg|The Cenotaph, Cape Town, South Africa

File:Hotel de ville de Durban.jpg|alt=|The Cenotaph, Durban, South Africa

File:Tour du Mémorial Interallié - le Phare de Liège.jpg|Interallied Memorial of Cointe, Liège, Belgium

File:NZ NP Cenotaph (2).jpg|Cenotaph, New Plymouth, New Zealand

• Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Columbarium
• Cross of Sacrifice
• Epitaph
• Mausoleum
• Memorialization
• Munstead Wood
• Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
• Stone of Remembrance
• Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
• Tropaeum Traiani
• War memorial
• Donkin Heritage Trail

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.cromp.com/download/pdfdocs/Secret%20of%20the%20cenotaph.pdf The Secret of the Cenotaph by Andrew Crompton, 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221043/http://www.cromp.com/download/pdfdocs/Secret%20of%20the%20cenotaph.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}
• [https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303471004579166003278419502?KEYWORDS=cenotaph Stilling the Pulse of Time by Bruce Cole, Wall Street Journal, 8 November 2013]

• {{Commons category-inline|Cenotaphs}}
• {{wiktionary-inline|cenotaph}}
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cenotaph |volume=5 |short=x}}
• The New London School explosion cenotaph [http://www.nlse.org/monument.html Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180139/http://nlse.org/monument.html |date=8 March 2016 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110824161423/http://pocogardenclub.wordpress.com/2010/12/03/miss-jekyll-portrait-of-a-great-gardener/ Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph]
• [http://counties.britishlegion.org.uk/media/4399156/sandbag-November-2014.pdf Royal British Legion article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004711/http://counties.britishlegion.org.uk/media/4399156/sandbag-November-2014.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}

{{Authority control}}

Category:World War I memorials

Category:Acknowledgements of death