Central American Integration System

{{Infobox Geopolitical organization

|conventional_long_name = Central American Integration System

|native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana}} |(SICA)}}

|linking_name = the Central American Integration System

|image_flag = Flag of the Central American Integration System.svg

|symbol_type = Logo

|image_symbol = Logo of the Central American Integration System.svg

|motto = {{Native name|es|"Dios, unión y libertad"|italics=on}}

|englishmotto = "God, Union and Liberty"

|anthem = La Granadera
{{small|The Grenadier}}{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|File:Himno de Centroamerica.ogg}}

|image_map = LocationSICA.svg

|map_width = 260px

|map_caption = States in the Central American Integration System.

|org_type =Regional organization

|membership = 8 states
11 regional observers{{cite web|url=https://www.sica.int/pais/observador|title=Estados y Organismos observadores|language=es|website=SICA.int |access-date=11 March 2021}}
21 extraregional observers

|admin_center_type =

|admin_center = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|El Salvador}} San Salvador, El Salvador}}

|languages_type = Languages

|official_languages =Spanish

|leader_title1 = President pro tempore

|leader_name1 =Johnny Briceño

|leader_title2 = {{nowrap|General Secretary}}

|leader_name2 = Werner Isaac Vargas Torres

|legislature = {{nowrap|Central American Parliament}}

|established_event1 = Court of Cartago

|established_date1 = 20 December 1907

|established_event2 = ODECA

|established_date2 = 14 October 1951

|established_event3 = CACM

|established_date3 = 13 December 1960

|established_event4 = SICA

|established_date4 = 13 December 1991

|area_rank = |area_magnitude =

|area_km2 = 572510

|percent_water =

|population_estimate = 51,152,936

|population_estimate_rank =

|population_estimate_year = 2009

|population_density_km2 = 89.34

|population_density_rank =

|GDP_PPP = $506.258 billion

|GDP_PPP_rank =

|GDP_PPP_year = 2010

|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,898.17

|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =

|GDP_nominal = $266.213 billion

|GDP_nominal_rank =

|GDP_nominal_year = 2010

|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,205.45

|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =

|currency = |currency_code =

|time_zone = |utc_offset =

|official_website = {{URL|https://www.sica.int/}}

}}

The Central American Integration System ({{langx|es|Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana}}, or SICA) has been the economic and political organization of Central American states since 1 February 1993.{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100034612 |url-access= |title=Central American Integration System |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=Union of International Associations |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript=}} On 13 December 1991, the ODECA countries (Spanish: Organización de Estados Centroamericanos) signed the Protocol of Tegucigalpa, extending earlier cooperation for regional peace, political freedom, democracy and economic development. SICA's General Secretariat is in El Salvador.

In 1991, SICA's institutional framework included Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. Belize joined in 1998 as a full member, while the Dominican Republic became an associated state in 2004 and a full member in 2013. Mexico, Chile and Brazil became part of the organization as regional observers, and the Republic of China, Spain, Germany, Georgia and Japan became extra-regional observers. SICA has a standing invitation to participate as observers in sessions of the United Nations General Assembly,{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/intergovorg.shtml|title=United Nations list of observing international organizations|website=un.org|access-date=4 April 2018}} and maintains offices at UN Headquarters.{{cite web|url=http://www.sgsica-ny.org/|title=El Sistema De La Integracion Centroamericana - New York|website=www.sgsica-ny.org|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830022436/http://www.sgsica-ny.org/|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=dead}}

Four countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua) experiencing political, cultural and migratory integration have formed a group, the Central America Four or CA-4, which has introduced common internal borders and the same type of passport. Belize, Costa Rica, Panama and the Dominican Republic subsequently joined the CA-4 for economic integration.

History

{{See also|History of Central America|Puebla-Panama Plan|Mesoamerican region}}

= First Central American Court of Justice=

Between 14 November and 20 December 1907, after a proposal by Mexico and the United States, five Central American nations (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua) took part in the Central American Peace Conference in Washington, D.C. sponsored by United States Secretary of State Elihu Root. The five nations, all former Spanish colonies, had previously tried to form a political alliance. Their first attempt was the Federal Republic of Central America, and the most recent effort was the founding of the Republic of Central America 11 years earlier.

The participants concluded the conference with an agreement creating the Central American Court of Justice (Corte de Justicia Centroamericana). The court would remain in effect for ten years from the final ratification, and communication would be through the government of Costa Rica. It was composed of five judges, one from each member state. The court heard ten cases, five of which were brought by private individuals (and declared inadmissible) and three begun by the court. The court operated until April 1918 from its headquarters in Costa Rica; despite efforts beginning in March 1917 (when Nicaragua submitted a notice of termination of the agreement), it then dissolved.

Reasons for the agreement's failure include:

No effective system of judicial procedure
Judges were not independent of their respective governments.
Jurisdiction was too broad to satisfy its member states.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}

File:Aguas territoriales SICA.svg of the member states of the Central American Integration System. Considering them, the total area reaches 2 351 224 km².]]

= Organization of Central American States =

At the end of World War II, interest in integrating the Central American governments began. On 14 October 1951 (33 years after the CACJ was dissolved) the governments of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua signed a treaty creating the Organization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, or ODECA) to promote regional cooperation and unity. The following year (12 December 1952), ODECA's charter was amended to create a new Central American Court of Justice (Corte Centroamericana de Justicia, or CCJ) without the time limit of its previous incarnation.

The Charter of San Salvador was ratified by all Central American governments, and on 18 August 1955 their foreign ministers attended its first meeting in Antigua Guatemala. The Declaration of Antigua Guatemala authorized subordinate organizations of ODECA to facilitate economic cooperation, better sanitation and progress in the "integral union" of the Central American nations.{{cite web

| title=Central American Defense Council - Some Problems and Achievements

| publisher=Lieutenant Colonel Laun C. Smith, JR.

| access-date=2006-05-22

| url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1969/mar-apr/smithl.html

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005003041/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1969/mar-apr/smithl.html

| archive-date=2006-10-05

| url-status=dead

}}

The Central American Common Market, the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) and the Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration (SIECA) were established by the five Central American nations on 13 December 1960 at a conference in Managua.{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtradelaw.net/fta/agreements/cacmfta.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304175023/http://www.worldtradelaw.net/fta/agreements/cacmfta.pdf|url-status=dead|title= General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration between Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua signed at Managua, on 13 December 1960 | website = WorldTradeLaw.net|archivedate=4 March 2009}} All nations ratified the membership treaties the following year. Costa Rica joined the CACM in 1963, but Panama had not yet joined. The organization froze during the 1969 war between Honduras and El Salvador; in 1973 ODECA was suspended, and progress toward regional integration ground to a halt.

= Revival =

{{See also|Central American Free Trade Agreement|Mesoamerica Project}}

In 1991 the integration agenda advanced with the creation of the SICA, which provided a legal framework to resolve disputes between member states. SICA was supported by the United Nations General Assembly in a resolution of 20 December 1993.{{cite web |title=The situation in Central America: Procedures for the establishment of a firm and lasting peace and progress in fashioning a region of peace, freedom, democracy and development |date=20 December 1993 |accessdate=17 March 2024 |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n94/036/37/pdf/n9403637.pdf |publisher=United Nations General Assembly}} SICA includes seven Central America nations and the Dominican Republic, which is part of the Caribbean. Central America has several supranational institutions, such as the Central American Parliament, the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the Central American Common Market. The Central America trade bloc is governed by the General Treaty for Economical Integration (the Guatemala Protocol), which was signed on 29 October 1993. The CACM has removed duties on most products throughout the member countries, and has unified external tariffs and increased trade within its members. The bank has five non-regional members: Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, the Republic of China and Spain.

All SICA members are also part of the Mesoamerica Project, which includes Mexico and Colombia. Haiti admitted to join SICA in 2013 as a regional observer{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} and the Dominican Republic became a full member on 27 June 2013.{{cite press release |url=http://www.sica.int/busqueda/Noticias.aspx?IDItem=79131&IDCat=21&IdEnt=1&Idm=1&IdmStyle=1 |publisher=Secretaría General del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana |language=Spanish |date=2013-06-27 |title=Jefes de Estado y Gobierno del SICA celebran su 41 Cumbre Ordinaria |trans-title=Heads of State and Government of the SICA celebrate their 41st Ordinary Summit |location=San Salvador, El Salvador}}

= Expulsions and rejections =

Guatemala, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica appealed SICA to expel Nicaragua from SICA membership and reject admission of Russia as a SICA extra-regional observer due to Daniel Ortega regime's support for Russia during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war since 2014.{{cite news|title=Four Countries Reject Ortega’s Candidate for SICA Secretary General|publisher=Confidencial|language=en|date=3 December 2024|url=https://confidencial.digital/english/four-countries-reject-ortegas-candidate-for-sica-secretary-general/|access-date=30 December 2024}}{{cite news|title=El SICA, el Caballo de Troya de Ortega para expandir presencia de Rusia en Centroamérica|publisher=Expediente Público|language=es|date=24 April 2023|url=https://www.expedientepublico.org/el-sica-el-caballo-de-troya-de-ortega/|access-date=30 December 2024}}

Members and observers

= Member states =

class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"
class="unsortable"\| Flag ! State ! Capital !Largest City ! Code ! Accession ! Population ({{UN Population\|Year}}){{UN Population\|ref}} ! Area ! Population density ! HDI (2019)
{{flagg\|pxx\|Belize\|size=45}} \|Belize \|Belmopan \|Belize City \|BZ \|1998 \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|Belize}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|22966\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|16\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.716\|sortable=on}}
{{flagg\|pxx\|Costa Rica\|size=45}} \|Costa Rica \| colspan="2" \|San José \|CR \|Founder \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|Costa Rica}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|51100\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|95\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.810\|sortable=on}}
{{flagg\|pxx\|the=yes\|Dominican Republic\|size=45}} \|Dominican Republic \| colspan="2" \|Santo Domingo \|DO \|2013 \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|Dominican Republic}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|48671\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|219\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.756\|sortable=on}}
{{flagg\|pxx\|El Salvador\|size=45}} \|El Salvador \| colspan="2" \|San Salvador \|SV \|Founder \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|El Salvador}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|21041\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|302\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.673\|sortable=on}}
{{flagg\|pxx\|Guatemala\|size=45}} \|Guatemala \| colspan="2" \|Guatemala City \|GT \|Founder \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|Guatemala}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|108889\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|152\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.663\|sortable=on}}
{{flagg\|pxx\|Honduras\|size=45}} \|Honduras \| colspan="2" \|Tegucigalpa \|HN \|Founder \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|Honduras}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|112090\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|81\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.634\|sortable=on}}
{{flagg\|pxx\|Nicaragua\|size=45}} \|Nicaragua \| colspan="2" \|Managua \|NI \|Founder \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|Nicaragua}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|130370\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|47\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.660\|sortable=on}}
{{flagg\|pxx\|Panama\|size=45}} \|Panama \| colspan="2" \|Panama City \|PA \|Founder \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{UN Population\|Panama}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|75420\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|53\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} \|style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.815\|sortable=on}}
class="sortbottom" ! colspan="6" \|8 total !style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|58096944}} !style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|570547\|km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} !style="text-align:right;"\|{{cvt\|102\|/km2\|disp=br()\|sortable=on}} !style="text-align:right;"\|{{nts\|0.716\|sortable=on}}

class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"

class="unsortable"| Flag

! State

! Capital

!Largest City

! Code

! Accession

! Population
({{UN Population|Year}}){{UN Population|ref}}

! Area

! Population density

! HDI (2019)

|Belize

|Belmopan

|Belize City

|BZ

|1998

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|Belize}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|22966|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|16|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.716|sortable=on}}

|Costa Rica

| colspan="2" |San José

|CR

|Founder

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|Costa Rica}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|51100|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|95|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.810|sortable=on}}

|Dominican Republic

| colspan="2" |Santo Domingo

|DO

|2013

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|Dominican Republic}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|48671|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|219|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.756|sortable=on}}

|El Salvador

| colspan="2" |San Salvador

|SV

|Founder

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|El Salvador}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|21041|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|302|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.673|sortable=on}}

|Guatemala

| colspan="2" |Guatemala City

|GT

|Founder

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|Guatemala}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|108889|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|152|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.663|sortable=on}}

|Honduras

| colspan="2" |Tegucigalpa

|HN

|Founder

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|Honduras}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|112090|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|81|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.634|sortable=on}}

|Nicaragua

| colspan="2" |Managua

|NI

|Founder

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|Nicaragua}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|130370|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|47|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.660|sortable=on}}

|Panama

| colspan="2" |Panama City

|PA

|Founder

|style="text-align:right;"|{{UN Population|Panama}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|75420|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|53|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.815|sortable=on}}

class="sortbottom"

! colspan="6" |8 total

!style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|58096944}}

!style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|570547|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

!style="text-align:right;"|{{cvt|102|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}}

!style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|0.716|sortable=on}}

= Regional observers =

{{flag|Argentina}}
{{flag|Bolivia}}
{{flag|Brazil}}
{{flag|Canada}}
{{flag|Chile}}
{{flag|Colombia}}
{{flag|Ecuador}}
{{flag|Haiti}}{{efn|name=fn1|Pending observer status.}}
{{flag|Mexico}}
{{flag|Peru}}
{{flag|United States}}
{{flag|Uruguay}}

= Extra-regional observers =

{{flag|Australia}}
{{flag|Egypt}}{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{flag|European Union}}
{{flag|France}}
{{flag|Georgia}}{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{flag|Germany}}
{{flag|Greece}}
{{flag|Holy See}}
{{flag|Italy}}
{{flag|Japan}}
{{flag|South Korea}}
{{flag|Morocco}}
{{flag|Netherlands}}{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{flag|New Zealand}}
{{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta|name=Order of Malta}}
{{flag|Qatar}}
{{flag|Russia}}{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{flag|Serbia}}
{{flag|Spain}}
{{flag|Sweden}}
{{flag|Taiwan}}
{{flag|Turkey}}
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
{{flag|United Kingdom}}

Economic integration

= {{anchor|Prospects for a Central American Currency Union}}Unified Central American currency =

The Central American Bank for Economic Integration has not introduced its own common currency, and dollarization is possible. However, for formal purposes the US Dollar is sometimes referred to as "Central American Peso" pegged 1:1 to the Dollar. There are no coins or notes in this currency and it is little known outside of legal circles. Central America is increasing its regional economic development, accelerating its social, political and economic integration. The region has diversified output and price and wage flexibility; however, there is a lack of business-cycle synchronization, dissimilar levels of public-sector debt, diverging inflation rates and low levels of intra-regional trade.Bulmer-Thomas, Victor and A. Douglas Kincaid. Central America 2020: Towards a New Regional Development Model. USAID. EU Commission. 2000

{{anchor|Policy Integration}}Policy integration

In the parliamentary body are proposals to consider regional air travel as domestic travel, to eliminate roaming fees on telephone calls and to create a regional penitentiary (affiliated with the Central American Court of Justice) to address regional trafficking and international crimes.{{cite web|url=http://www.el19digital.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36949&Itemid=12|title=El 19 Digital - Portal de Noticias de Nicaragua|first=El 19|last=Digital|website=El 19 Digital|access-date=4 April 2018}}

Headquarters

SICA's administrative centre is located in San Salvador, El Salvador.

Institutions

= Central American Parliament =

Parlacen was born as a parliamentary body emulating the Federal Republic of Central America, with Costa Rica an observer. It evolved from the Contadora Group, a project launched during the 1980s to deal with civil wars in El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. Although the Contadora Group was dissolved in 1986, the concept of Central American integration is implicitly referenced in several countries' constitutions. The Esquipulas Peace Agreement (among other acts) agreed to the creation of a Central American Parliament composed of 20–22 directly-elected deputies from each country. Costa Rica has not ratified the agreement, and is not represented in the Parlacen. Parlacen is seen by some (including former President of Honduras Ricardo Maduro) as a white elephant.{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/nt/548/548071/548071en.pdf|title=América Central|website=europa.eu|access-date=4 April 2018}}

= Central American Court of Justice =

The CCJ's mission is to promote peace in the region and the unity of its member states. The Court{{cite web|url=http://www.iustel.com/v2/revistas/detalle_revista.asp?id=13|title=Revista General de Derecho Europeo - Sumario N.º 44 ENERO 2018|last=Iustel|date=1 January 2018|website=www.iustel.com|access-date=4 April 2018}} has jurisdiction to hear cases:

Between member states
Between a member state and a non-member state accepting the court's jurisdiction
Between states and a resident of a member state
Concerning the integration process between SICA and member states (or persons)

The court may offer consultation to the region's supreme courts. In 2005, it ruled that Nicaraguan congressional reforms (which removed control of water, energy and telecommunications from President Enrique Bolaños) were "legally inapplicable".{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} As of July 2005, the CCJ had made 70 resolutions since hearing its first case in 1994.

{{anchor|System bodies}}Organizations

Central American Bank for Economic Integration (Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica, BCIE){{cite web|url=http://www.bcie.org/english/index.php|title=Central American Bank for Economic Integration|website=bcie.org|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318115929/http://www.bcie.org/english/index.php|archive-date=18 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
Central American Common Market (CACM; Mercado Común Centroamericano, MCCA)
Central American Court of Justice (CCJ)[http://www.ccj.org.ni/ Official website of the CCJ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228225815/http://www.ccj.org.ni/ |date=28 December 2008 }} (Spanish language){{cite web|url=http://www.worldcourts.com/cacj/eng/timeline.htm|title=History of the CACJ from WorldCourts|website=worldcourts.com|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112085703/http://www.worldcourts.com/cacj/eng/timeline.htm|archive-date=12 November 2016|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.pict-pcti.org/courts/CACJ.html |title=CACJ history page from PICT |access-date=2008-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516073851/http://www.pict-pcti.org/courts/CACJ.html |archive-date=2009-05-16 |url-status=dead }}
Central American Armed Forces Conference (Conferencia de las Fuerzas Armadas Centroamericanas, CFAC)http://www..resdal.org/ebook/AtlasRESDAL2010-eng/print/page72.pdf (Spanish language){{cite web|url=https://www.conferenciafac.org/|title=Conferencia de las Fuerzas Armadas Centroamericanas|website=conferenciafac.org|access-date=5 August 2018}}
Central American Parliament (Parlamento Centroamericano, PARLACEN)
Plenum
Board of Parliament
Secretariat
President's Summit
Comité Consultivo (CC-SICA)
Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Executive Committee (CE-SICA)
Vice President's Summit
Secretariat General (SG-SICA)

{{

cite web

|title=The EU's relations with Central America

|publisher=The EU's Official Website

|access-date=2006-06-19

|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/ca/index.htm

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622023032/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/ca/index.htm

|archive-date=2006-06-22

}}

Central American Educational and Cultural Cooperation (CECC){{Cite web|url=https://ceccsica.info/|title=Inicio | Coordinación Educativa y Cultural Centroamericana (CECC SICA)|website=ceccsica.info}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

{{cite book| last= Hudson| first= Manley O.|author-link= Manley O. Hudson| title= The Permanent Court of International Justice 1920-1942| type= A Treatise|date=June 1943| publisher= The Macmillan Company| location= New York| at= pp 42–70 Sections 39-62| chapter= Chapter 3. The Central American Court of Justice}}
Ishmael, Odeen (July 2007). [http://www.guyanajournal.com/caricom_integration.html Guyana Journal (2007-07): Advancing Integration Between Caricom and Central America]
Kimitch, Rebecca (15 July 2005). Commission Studies Impeachment, Tico Times.

External links

{{Official website|https://www.sica.int}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20081229061744/http://www.parlacen.org.gt/ Central American Parliament]
[http://www.sieca.int Central American Economic Integration System]
[http://www.bcie.org BCIE / CABEI]
[http://www.worldcourts.com/cacj/eng/ Decisions of the CACJ in English (1908-1917)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328134240/http://www.worldcourts.com/cacj/eng/ |date=28 March 2023 }}
[https://www.macmap.org Market Access Map] (A free tool developed by International Trade Centre, which identify customs tariffs, tariff rate quotas, trade remedies, regulatory requirements and preferential regimes applicable to products, including Central American Integration System)
[https://www.findrulesoforigin.org Rules of Origin Facilitator] (A free tool jointly developed by International Trade Centre, World Trade Organization and World Customs Organization which enables traders to find specific criteria and general origin requirements applicable to their products, understand and comply with them in order to be eligible for preferential tariffs. The tool is very useful for traders who want to gain benefit from Central American Integration System)