Central solar heating#Largest CSHPs

Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through district heating pipe networks (or 'block heating' systems in the case of smaller installations).

For block systems, the solar collectors are typically mounted on the building roof tops. For district heating systems the collectors may instead be installed on the ground.

Central solar heating can involve large-scale thermal storage, scaling from diurnal storage to seasonal thermal energy storage (STES). Thermal storage increase the solar fraction - the ratio between solar energy gain to the total energy demand in the system - for solar thermal systems. Ideally, the aim for applying seasonal storage is to store solar energy collected in the summer time to the winter month.

Compared to small solar heating systems (solar combisystems), central solar heating systems have better price-performance ratios due to the lower installation price, the higher thermal efficiency and less maintenance. In some countries such as Denmark large-scale solar district heating plants are financially fully competitive to other forms of heat generation.Nicolas Perez-Mora et al.: Solar district heating and cooling: A review. International Journal of Energy Research 42, 4, 2018, 1419-1441 {{doi|10.1002/er.3888}}.

Central solar systems can also be used for solar cooling in the form of district cooling. In this case, the overall efficiency is high due to the high correlation between the energy demand and the solar radiation.

File:Marstal.powerplant.1.jpg

Largest CSHPs

class="wikitable sortable"
Name ! Country ! Owner ! Solar collector size ! Thermal Power ! Annual production ! Installation year ! Storage volume ! Storage type Facilities ! Collector manufacturer
! ! ! m² ! MW_th ! GWh ! ! m³ ! !
Silkeborg \| DK \| Silkeborg Fjernvarme \| 157,000 \| 110 \| 80 \| 2016 \| 64,000 \| Water tank \| ARCON (DK){{cite web\|url= https://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-solfangeranlaeg-drift-silkeborg-191730 \|title=Verdens største solfangeranlæg i drift i Silkeborg \|first1=Sanne \|last1=Wittrup \|work=Ingeniøren \|date=10 January 2017}}{{cite web\|url=https://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-solvarmeanlaeg-paa-vej-ved-silkeborg-185541 \|title=Verdens største solvarmeanlæg på vej ved Silkeborg \|first1=René \|last1=Kornum \|work=Ingeniøren \|date=15 July 2016}}{{cite web\|url= https://www.euroheat.org/news/record-breaking-solar-heating-system-ready-time/ \|title=Record-breaking solar heating system ready on time\|work=Euroheat & Power\|date=9 January 2017\|access-date=12 January 2017}}{{cite web\|url=http://dbdh.dk/record-breaking-solar-heating-system-ready-on-time/ \|title=DBDH – Record-breaking solar heating system ready on time\|date=9 January 2017\|access-date=12 January 2017}}[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Silkeborg in South-West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Vojens \| DK \| Vojens Fjernvarme \| 70,000 \| 50 \| 35 \| 2012-2015 \| 203,000 \| Insulated water pond Water tank \| ARCON (DK){{cite web \|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-damvarmelager-indviet-i-vojens-176776 \|title=Verdens største damvarmelager indviet i Vojens \|first1=Sanne \|last1=Wittrup \|work=Ingeniøren \|date=14 June 2015 \|access-date=2015-11-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019125824/http://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-damvarmelager-indviet-i-vojens-176776 \|archive-date=2015-10-19 \|url-status=dead }}http://xqw.dk/work/FG22/okt/Projektforslag_for_udvidelse_af_Vojens_solvarme_med_bilag.pdf{{Dead link\|date=November 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Vojens in South-West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Port Augusta, South Australia \| Australia \| Sundrop Farms \| 51,500 \| 36.4 \| \| 2016 \| \| \| Aalborg CSP. Desalination for vegetables. 1.5 MW electricity{{cite web\|url= http://ship-plants.info/solar-thermal-plants/227-solar-concentrating-systems-to-offer-wide-array-of-uses-australia?gross_area_min=10000 \|title=Sundrop Farms Port Augusta\|access-date=12 January 2017}}{{Cite web\|url = http://www.portaugusta.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Council%20Development%20Assessment%20Panel%20Agenda%20and%20Report%20_123%2012%20August%202014.pdf \|title = COUNCIL DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT PANEL AGENDA Meeting #123\|date = 2014-08-12\|access-date = 2015-10-14\|website = Port Augusta City Council}}
Gramm \| DK \| Gram Fjernvarme \| 44,801 \| 31 \| 20.8 \|2009- \| 122,000 \|Insulated water pond. 10MW electric boiler 900 kW heat pump \|[http://www.danskfjernvarme.dk/~/media/danskfjernvarme/gronenergi/projekter/drejebog%20om%20store%20varmepumper/inspirationskatalog.pdf Inspirationskatalog for store varmepumpeprojekter i fjernvarmesystemet] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606134341/http://www.danskfjernvarme.dk/~/media/danskfjernvarme/gronenergi/projekter/drejebog%20om%20store%20varmepumper/inspirationskatalog.pdf \|date=2016-06-06 }} page 59. November 2014[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Gram in South-West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Gabriela Mistral, El Loa, Atacama Desert \| Chile \| CODELCO mine \| 43,920 \| 27-34 \| 52-80 \| 2013 \| 4,300 \| Water tank \| ARCON (DK). Supplies an electrowinning copper process{{cite web\|url=http://arcon-sunmark.com/cases/codelco-minera-gaby-chile \|title=Copper mine - Atacama Desert, Chile\|work=Arcon-Sunmark\|access-date=12 January 2017}}{{cite web\|url= http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/chile-consistent-electrolytic-bath-temperature-control-increases-copper-cathode-quality \|title=Chile: Consistent Electrolytic Bath Temperature Control Increases Copper Cathode Quality\|publisher= Solarthermalworld.org \|author=Baerbel Epp \|date= 28 November 2016 \|access-date=12 January 2017 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170112222001/http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/chile-consistent-electrolytic-bath-temperature-control-increases-copper-cathode-quality \|archive-date=12 January 2017 \|url-status=live }}{{cite web\|url= http://ship-plants.info/solar-thermal-plants/130-codelco-gabriela-mistral-chile?gross_area_min=10000 \|title=Codelco Gabriela Mistral\|access-date=12 January 2017}}
Dronninglund \|DK \| \|37,573 \|26 \|18 \| 2014 \|60,000 \|Insulated water pond \| ArCon (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Dronninglund in North Denmark, then "About the plant"){{cite web\|url=https://issuu.com/planenergi.dk/docs/brochure_dronninglund_2015_booklet_\|title=Brochure dronninglund 2015 booklet eng print\|access-date=29 April 2017\|pages=5–8}}{{Dead link\|date=June 2019 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}
Zhongba, 4,700 metres altitude{{cite web \|title=Zhongba Xian \|url=https://mapcarta.com/14904600 \|website=Mapcarta \|language=en}} \|Tibet (China) \| \|34,650 \| \|20 \| 2019 \|15,000 \|Water tank \|ArCon{{cite web \|last1=Baerbel \|first1=Epp \|title=Second Arcon-Sunmark SDH system up and running in Tibet \|url=https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/second-arcon-sunmark-sdh-system-and-running-tibet \|website=Solarthermalworld \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200113023119/https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/second-arcon-sunmark-sdh-system-and-running-tibet \|archive-date=2020-01-13 \|language=en \|date=25 November 2019 \|url-status=live}}{{cite web \|title=Major solar district heating project in China \|url=https://www.euroheat.org/news/industry-news/major-solar-district-heating-project-china/ \|website=Euroheat & Power \|date=25 June 2019}}
Marstal \| DK \| Marstal Fjernvarme \| 33,300 \| 24 \| 13.4 \| 1996–2002, 2020 \| 2,100 3,500 70,000 \| Water tank Sand/water ground pit Insulated water pond with new lid \| Sunmark / ARCON (DK). Feeds 0.75 MW ORC turbine[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Marstal in South Denmark, then "About the plant"){{cite web\|url= http://sunstore4.eu/understand/examples-of-sunstore4/ \|title=Sunstore 4 - 100% Renewable District Heating\|publisher=Sunstore \|access-date=29 April 2017\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170226051202/http://sunstore4.eu/understand/examples-of-sunstore4/ \|archive-date=26 February 2017\|url-status=dead}}{{cite web\|url= http://www.silhorko.dk/produkter/udlejning_af_vandbehandlingsanl%C3%A6g/artikel_om_marstal_fjernvarme.aspx \|title=Marstal Fjernvarme - vandbehandling og solvarme\|publisher=Silhorko\|access-date=29 April 2017}}{{Dead link\|date=April 2019 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.dallenergy.com/media/KraftvarmeNyt_124_DallEnergy.pdf Første danske ORC kraftvarme maskine i Marstal]{{Dead link\|date=November 2019 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}, August 2013{{cite web \|title=10.000 m2 lågløsning til damvarmelager i Marstal, Danmark \|url=https://www.aalborgcsp.dk/projekter/10000-m2-laagloesning-til-damvarmelager-i-marstal-danmark/ \|website=aalborgcsp.dk \|language=da-DK}}
Ringkøbing \|DK \| \|30,000 \|22.6 \|14 \| 2010-2014 \| \| \|ArCon[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Ringkøbing in West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Brønderslev \|DK \| \| 27,000 \| 16.6 \| \| \| 8,000 \|Water tank \|CSP parabolic trough{{cite web\|url= http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/denmark-concentrating-solar-collectors-district-heat-northern-europe \|title=Denmark: Concentrating Solar Collectors for District Heat in Northern Europe \|work=www.solarthermalworld.org \|first=Baerbel \|last=Epp \|date=11 August 2017\|access-date=12 November 2017}}[http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/news/file/2017-08-04/full_paper_broenderslev_bp_eurosun_2016.pdf CSP plant combined with biomass CHP using ORC-technology]{{cite web \|title=Aalborg CSP-Brønderslev CSP with ORC project \|date=17 May 2017 \|url=https://solarpaces.nrel.gov/aalborg-csp-bronderslev-csp-orc-project \|website=solarpaces.nrel.gov}}
Langkazi, 4,600 metres altitude{{cite web \|title=Langkazi Xian \|url=https://mapcarta.com/14906718 \|website=Mapcarta \|language=en}} \|Tibet (China) \| \|22,000 \| \| \| 2018 \|15,000 \|Insulated water pond \|ArCon{{cite web \|title="SDH – a proven technology with a long track record of success" \|last1=Baerbel \|first1=Epp \|url=https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/sdh-proven-technology-long-track-record-success \|website=Solarthermalworld \|language=en \|date=29 January 2019}}
Hjallerup \|DK \| \| 21,432 \| \| \| \| \| \|[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Hjallerup in West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Vildbjerg \|DK \| \| 21,234 \| 14.5 \| 9.5 \| 2014 \| \| \|ArCon[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Vildbjerg in West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Helsinge \|DK \|Helsinge Fjernvarme \| 19,588 \| 14 \| 9.4 \|2012-2014 \| \| \|[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Helsinge in East Denmark, then "About the plant")
Hadsund \| DK \|Hadsund Fjernvarme \| 20,513 \| 14 \| 11.5 \| 2015 \| \| \| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Hadsund in West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Nykøbing Sjælland \| DK \| \| 20,084 \| 14 \| 9.5 \| \| \| \| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Nykøbing Sjælland in East Denmark, then "About the plant")
Gråsten \| DK \| \| 19,024 \| 13 \| 9.7 \| 2012 \| \| \| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Gråsten in South Denmark, then "About the plant")
Brædstrup \| DK \| Brædstrup Fjernvarme \| 18,612 \| 14 \| 8.9 \| 2007/2012 \| 5,000 19,000 \| Water tank Borehole storage, insulated by seashells \| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Brædstrup in Central Denmark, then "About the plant"){{cite web\|url=https://issuu.com/planenergi.dk/docs/brochure_br__dstrup\|title=Brædstrup Solpark\|page=14\|access-date=29 April 2017}}{{Dead link\|date=June 2019 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}
Tarm \| DK \| \| 18,585 \| 13.1 \| 9 \| 2013 \| \| \| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Tarm in West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Jetsmark \| DK \| \| 15,183 \| 10.6 \| 7.6 \| 2015 \| \| \| Arcon/Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Jetsmark in North Denmark, then "About the plant")
Oksbøl \| DK \| \| 14,745 \| 9.9 \| 7.7 \| 2010/2013 \| \| \| Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Oksbøl in West Denmark, then "About the plant")
Jægerspris \| DK \| \| 13,405 \| 8.6 \| 6 \| 2010 \| \| \| Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Jægerspris in East Denmark, then "About the plant")
SydLangeland \| DK \| \| 12,500 \| 7.5 \| 7.5 \| 2013 \| \| \| Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Langeland in South Denmark, then "About the plant")
Grenaa \| DK \| \| 12,096 \| 8.4 \| 5.8 \| 2014 \| \| \| Arcon (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Grenaa in North Denmark, then "About the plant")
SydFalster \| DK \| \| 12,094 \| 8.5 \| 6 \| 2011 \| \| \| Arcon (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Falster in South-East Denmark, then "About the plant")
Hvidebæk \| DK \| \| 12,038 \| 8.6 \| 5.7 \| 2013 \| \| \| Arcon (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Hvidebæk in East Denmark, then "About the plant")
Sæby \| DK \| Sæby Fjernvarme \| 11,866 \| 8 \| 6.3 \| 2011 \| \| \| Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Sæby in North Denmark, then "About the plant")
Toftlund \| DK \| \| 11,000 \| 7.4 \| 5.4 \| 2013 \| \| \| Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Toftlund in South Denmark, then "About the plant")
Kungälv \| SE \| Kungälv Energi AB \| 10,048 \| 7.0 \| 4.5 \| 2000 \| 1,000 \| Water tank \| ARCON (DK)
Svebølle-Viskinge \| \| \| 10,000 \| 5.3 \| 5 \|2011/2014 \| \| \| [http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Svebølle-Viskinge in East Denmark, then "About the plant")
Karup \| DK \| \| 8,063 \| 5.4 \| 3.7 \| 2013 \| \| \| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Karup in North Denmark, then "About the plant")
Strandby \| DK \| Strandby Varmeværk \| 8,000 \| 5.6 \| 3.6 \| 2007 \| \| \| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Strandby in North Denmark, then "About the plant")
Nykvärn \| SE \| Telge Energi AB \| 7,500 \| 5.3 \| 3.4 \| 1985 \| 1,500 \| Water tank \| Teknoterm (SE) ARCON (DK)
Crailsheim \| DE \| \| 7,300 \| \| \| 2012 \| 37,500 \| Borehole \| Wagner, Schüco, Aquasol, Asgard{{cite web\|url= http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/solar-district-heating-crailsheim-seasonal-borehole-storage \|title=Solar District Heating in Crailsheim with Seasonal Borehole Storage - Solarthermalworld\|access-date=29 April 2017}}{{Cite web \|url=http://www.stw-crailsheim.de/stadtwerke-crailsheim/top-themen/projekt-solaranlage.html \|title=Projekt Solaranlage \|access-date=2017-04-29 \|archive-date=2017-06-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605054350/http://www.stw-crailsheim.de/stadtwerke-crailsheim/top-themen/projekt-solaranlage.html \|url-status=dead }}
Ærøskøbing \| DK \| Ærøskøping Fjernvarme \| 7,050 \| 3.4 \| 3 \| 1998/2010 \| 1,200 \| Water tank \| ARCON/Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 \|date=2016-12-23 }} (click Ærøskøping in South Denmark, then "About the plant")
La Parreña mine \| Mexico \| Peñoles \| 6,270 \| 4,4 \| \| \| 660 \| Water tank \| ARCON (DK). Supplies an electrowinning process{{cite web\|url=http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/mexico-second-solar-process-heat-case-study-copper-mining\|title=Mexico: Second Solar Process Heat Case Study on Copper Mining \|publisher= Solarthermalworld.org \|author=Baerbel Epp \|date= 1 December 2016 \|access-date=12 January 2017 }}
Falkenberg \| SE \| Falkenberg Energi AB \| 5,500 \| 3.9 \| 2.5 \| 1989 \| 1,100 \| Water tank \| Teknoterm (SE) ARCON (DK)
Graz \| AT \| Energie Graz \| 6,000 \| \| \| 2018 \| \| Water tank \|
Neckarsulm \| DE \| Stadtwerke Neckarsulm \| 5,044 \| 3.5 \| 2.3 \| 1997 \| 25,000 \| Soil duct heat exchanger \| Sonnenkraft (DE) ARCON (DK)
Ulsted \| DK \| Ulsted Fjernvarme \| 5,000 \| 3.5 \| 2.2 \| 2006 \| 1,000 \| Water tank \| ARCON (DK)
Friederichshafen \| DE \| Technische Werke Fried. \| 4,250 \| 3.0 \| 1.9 \| 1996 \| 12,000 \| Concrete tank in ground \| ARCON (DK)

class="wikitable sortable"

Name

! Country

! Owner

! Solar collector size

! Thermal
Power

! Annual
production

! Installation
year

! Storage
volume

! Storage type
Facilities

! Collector manufacturer

! m²

! MW_th

! GWh

! m³

Silkeborg

| DK

| Silkeborg Fjernvarme

| 157,000

| 110

| 80

| 2016

| 64,000

| Water tank

| ARCON (DK){{cite web|url= https://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-solfangeranlaeg-drift-silkeborg-191730 |title=Verdens største solfangeranlæg i drift i Silkeborg |first1=Sanne |last1=Wittrup |work=Ingeniøren |date=10 January 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-solvarmeanlaeg-paa-vej-ved-silkeborg-185541 |title=Verdens største solvarmeanlæg på vej ved Silkeborg |first1=René |last1=Kornum |work=Ingeniøren |date=15 July 2016}}{{cite web|url= https://www.euroheat.org/news/record-breaking-solar-heating-system-ready-time/ |title=Record-breaking solar heating system ready on time|work=Euroheat & Power|date=9 January 2017|access-date=12 January 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://dbdh.dk/record-breaking-solar-heating-system-ready-on-time/ |title=DBDH – Record-breaking solar heating system ready on time|date=9 January 2017|access-date=12 January 2017}}[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Silkeborg in South-West Denmark, then "About the plant")

Vojens

| DK

| Vojens Fjernvarme

| 70,000

| 50

| 35

| 2012-2015

| 203,000

| Insulated water pond
Water tank

| ARCON (DK){{cite web |url=http://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-damvarmelager-indviet-i-vojens-176776 |title=Verdens største damvarmelager indviet i Vojens |first1=Sanne |last1=Wittrup |work=Ingeniøren |date=14 June 2015 |access-date=2015-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019125824/http://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-stoerste-damvarmelager-indviet-i-vojens-176776 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |url-status=dead }}http://xqw.dk/work/FG22/okt/Projektforslag_for_udvidelse_af_Vojens_solvarme_med_bilag.pdf{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Vojens in South-West Denmark, then "About the plant")

Port Augusta, South Australia

| Australia

| Sundrop Farms

| 51,500

| 36.4

| 2016

| Aalborg CSP. Desalination for vegetables. 1.5 MW electricity{{cite web|url= http://ship-plants.info/solar-thermal-plants/227-solar-concentrating-systems-to-offer-wide-array-of-uses-australia?gross_area_min=10000 |title=Sundrop Farms Port Augusta|access-date=12 January 2017}}{{Cite web|url = http://www.portaugusta.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Council%20Development%20Assessment%20Panel%20Agenda%20and%20Report%20_123%2012%20August%202014.pdf |title = COUNCIL DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT PANEL AGENDA Meeting #123|date = 2014-08-12|access-date = 2015-10-14|website = Port Augusta City Council}}

Gramm

| DK

| Gram Fjernvarme

| 44,801

| 31

| 20.8

|2009-

| 122,000

|Insulated water pond.
10MW electric boiler
900 kW heat pump

|[http://www.danskfjernvarme.dk/~/media/danskfjernvarme/gronenergi/projekter/drejebog%20om%20store%20varmepumper/inspirationskatalog.pdf Inspirationskatalog for store varmepumpeprojekter i fjernvarmesystemet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606134341/http://www.danskfjernvarme.dk/~/media/danskfjernvarme/gronenergi/projekter/drejebog%20om%20store%20varmepumper/inspirationskatalog.pdf |date=2016-06-06 }} page 59. November 2014[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Gram in South-West Denmark, then "About the plant")

Gabriela Mistral, El Loa, Atacama Desert

| Chile

| CODELCO mine

| 43,920

| 27-34

| 52-80

| 2013

| 4,300

| Water tank

| ARCON (DK). Supplies an electrowinning copper process{{cite web|url=http://arcon-sunmark.com/cases/codelco-minera-gaby-chile |title=Copper mine - Atacama Desert, Chile|work=Arcon-Sunmark|access-date=12 January 2017}}{{cite web|url= http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/chile-consistent-electrolytic-bath-temperature-control-increases-copper-cathode-quality |title=Chile: Consistent Electrolytic Bath Temperature Control Increases Copper Cathode Quality|publisher= Solarthermalworld.org |author=Baerbel Epp |date= 28 November 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170112222001/http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/chile-consistent-electrolytic-bath-temperature-control-increases-copper-cathode-quality |archive-date=12 January 2017 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url= http://ship-plants.info/solar-thermal-plants/130-codelco-gabriela-mistral-chile?gross_area_min=10000 |title=Codelco Gabriela Mistral|access-date=12 January 2017}}

Dronninglund

|DK

|37,573

|26

|18

| 2014

|60,000

|Insulated water pond

| ArCon (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Dronninglund in North Denmark, then "About the plant"){{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/planenergi.dk/docs/brochure_dronninglund_2015_booklet_|title=Brochure dronninglund 2015 booklet eng print|access-date=29 April 2017|pages=5–8}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Zhongba, 4,700 metres altitude{{cite web |title=Zhongba Xian |url=https://mapcarta.com/14904600 |website=Mapcarta |language=en}}

|Tibet (China)

|34,650

|20

| 2019

|15,000

|Water tank

|ArCon{{cite web |last1=Baerbel |first1=Epp |title=Second Arcon-Sunmark SDH system up and running in Tibet |url=https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/second-arcon-sunmark-sdh-system-and-running-tibet |website=Solarthermalworld |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200113023119/https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/second-arcon-sunmark-sdh-system-and-running-tibet |archive-date=2020-01-13 |language=en |date=25 November 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Major solar district heating project in China |url=https://www.euroheat.org/news/industry-news/major-solar-district-heating-project-china/ |website=Euroheat & Power |date=25 June 2019}}

Marstal

| DK

| Marstal Fjernvarme

| 33,300

| 24

| 13.4

| 1996–2002, 2020

| 2,100
3,500
70,000

| Water tank
Sand/water ground pit
Insulated water pond with new lid

| Sunmark / ARCON (DK). Feeds 0.75 MW ORC turbine[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Marstal in South Denmark, then "About the plant"){{cite web|url= http://sunstore4.eu/understand/examples-of-sunstore4/ |title=Sunstore 4 - 100% Renewable District Heating|publisher=Sunstore |access-date=29 April 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170226051202/http://sunstore4.eu/understand/examples-of-sunstore4/ |archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url= http://www.silhorko.dk/produkter/udlejning_af_vandbehandlingsanl%C3%A6g/artikel_om_marstal_fjernvarme.aspx |title=Marstal Fjernvarme - vandbehandling og solvarme|publisher=Silhorko|access-date=29 April 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.dallenergy.com/media/KraftvarmeNyt_124_DallEnergy.pdf Første danske ORC kraftvarme maskine i Marstal]{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, August 2013{{cite web |title=10.000 m2 lågløsning til damvarmelager i Marstal, Danmark |url=https://www.aalborgcsp.dk/projekter/10000-m2-laagloesning-til-damvarmelager-i-marstal-danmark/ |website=aalborgcsp.dk |language=da-DK}}

Ringkøbing

|DK

|30,000

|22.6

|14

| 2010-2014

|ArCon[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Ringkøbing in West Denmark, then "About the plant")

Brønderslev

|DK

| 27,000

| 16.6

| 8,000

|Water tank

|CSP parabolic trough{{cite web|url= http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/denmark-concentrating-solar-collectors-district-heat-northern-europe |title=Denmark: Concentrating Solar Collectors for District Heat in Northern Europe |work=www.solarthermalworld.org |first=Baerbel |last=Epp |date=11 August 2017|access-date=12 November 2017}}[http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/news/file/2017-08-04/full_paper_broenderslev_bp_eurosun_2016.pdf CSP plant combined with biomass CHP using ORC-technology]{{cite web |title=Aalborg CSP-Brønderslev CSP with ORC project |date=17 May 2017 |url=https://solarpaces.nrel.gov/aalborg-csp-bronderslev-csp-orc-project |website=solarpaces.nrel.gov}}

Langkazi, 4,600 metres altitude{{cite web |title=Langkazi Xian |url=https://mapcarta.com/14906718 |website=Mapcarta |language=en}}

|Tibet (China)

|22,000

| 2018

|15,000

|Insulated water pond

|ArCon{{cite web |title="SDH – a proven technology with a long track record of success" |last1=Baerbel |first1=Epp |url=https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/sdh-proven-technology-long-track-record-success |website=Solarthermalworld |language=en |date=29 January 2019}}

Hjallerup

|DK

| 21,432

|[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Hjallerup in West Denmark, then "About the plant")

Vildbjerg

|DK

| 21,234

| 14.5

| 9.5

| 2014

Helsinge

|DK

|Helsinge Fjernvarme

| 19,588

| 14

| 9.4

|2012-2014

Hadsund

| DK

|Hadsund Fjernvarme

| 20,513

| 14

| 11.5

| 2015

Nykøbing Sjælland

| DK

| 20,084

| 14

| 9.5

Gråsten

| DK

| 19,024

| 13

| 9.7

| 2012

Brædstrup

| DK

| Brædstrup Fjernvarme

| 18,612

| 14

| 8.9

| 2007/2012

| 5,000
19,000

| Water tank
Borehole storage, insulated by seashells

| ARCON (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Brædstrup in Central Denmark, then "About the plant"){{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/planenergi.dk/docs/brochure_br__dstrup|title=Brædstrup Solpark|page=14|access-date=29 April 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Tarm

| DK

| 18,585

| 13.1

| 9

| 2013

Jetsmark

| DK

| 15,183

| 10.6

| 7.6

| 2015

| Arcon/Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Jetsmark in North Denmark, then "About the plant")

Oksbøl

| DK

| 14,745

| 9.9

| 7.7

| 2010/2013

| Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Oksbøl in West Denmark, then "About the plant")

Jægerspris

| DK

| 13,405

| 8.6

| 6

| 2010

SydLangeland

| DK

| 12,500

| 7.5

| 2013

Grenaa

| DK

| 12,096

| 8.4

| 5.8

| 2014

| Arcon (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Grenaa in North Denmark, then "About the plant")

SydFalster

| DK

| 12,094

| 8.5

| 6

| 2011

Hvidebæk

| DK

| 12,038

| 8.6

| 5.7

| 2013

Sæby

| DK

| Sæby Fjernvarme

| 11,866

| 8

| 6.3

| 2011

Toftlund

| DK

| 11,000

| 7.4

| 5.4

| 2013

Kungälv

| SE

| Kungälv Energi AB

| 10,048

| 7.0

| 4.5

| 2000

| 1,000

| Water tank

| ARCON (DK)

Svebølle-Viskinge

| 10,000

| 5.3

| 5

|2011/2014

| [http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Svebølle-Viskinge in East Denmark, then "About the plant")

Karup

| DK

| 8,063

| 5.4

| 3.7

| 2013

Strandby

| DK

| Strandby Varmeværk

| 8,000

| 5.6

| 3.6

| 2007

Nykvärn

| SE

| Telge Energi AB

| 7,500

| 5.3

| 3.4

| 1985

| 1,500

| Water tank

| Teknoterm (SE)
ARCON (DK)

Crailsheim

| DE

| 7,300

| 2012

| 37,500

| Borehole

| Wagner, Schüco, Aquasol, Asgard{{cite web|url= http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/solar-district-heating-crailsheim-seasonal-borehole-storage |title=Solar District Heating in Crailsheim with Seasonal Borehole Storage - Solarthermalworld|access-date=29 April 2017}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.stw-crailsheim.de/stadtwerke-crailsheim/top-themen/projekt-solaranlage.html |title=Projekt Solaranlage |access-date=2017-04-29 |archive-date=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605054350/http://www.stw-crailsheim.de/stadtwerke-crailsheim/top-themen/projekt-solaranlage.html |url-status=dead }}

Ærøskøbing

| DK

| Ærøskøping Fjernvarme

| 7,050

| 3.4

| 3

| 1998/2010

| 1,200

| Water tank

| ARCON/Sunmark (DK)[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }} (click Ærøskøping in South Denmark, then "About the plant")

La Parreña mine

| Mexico

| Peñoles

| 6,270

| 4,4

| 660

| Water tank

| ARCON (DK). Supplies an electrowinning process{{cite web|url=http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/mexico-second-solar-process-heat-case-study-copper-mining|title=Mexico: Second Solar Process Heat Case Study on Copper Mining |publisher= Solarthermalworld.org |author=Baerbel Epp |date= 1 December 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017 }}

Falkenberg

| SE

| Falkenberg Energi AB

| 5,500

| 3.9

| 2.5

| 1989

| 1,100

| Water tank

| Teknoterm (SE)
ARCON (DK)

Graz

| AT

| Energie Graz

| 6,000

| 2018

| Water tank

Neckarsulm

| DE

| Stadtwerke Neckarsulm

| 5,044

| 3.5

| 2.3

| 1997

| 25,000

| Soil duct heat exchanger

| Sonnenkraft (DE)
ARCON (DK)

Ulsted

| DK

| Ulsted Fjernvarme

| 5,000

| 3.5

| 2.2

| 2006

| 1,000

| Water tank

| ARCON (DK)

Friederichshafen

| DE

| Technische Werke Fried.

| 4,250

| 3.0

| 1.9

| 1996

| 12,000

| Concrete tank in ground

| ARCON (DK)

Source: Jan Erik Nielsen, PlanEnergi, DK.

File:Fernwärmespeicher Theiss.jpg

Hereafter you find a plant in Rise (DK) with a new collector producer, Marstal VVS (DK), a plant in Ry (DK), one of the oldest in Europe, a plant in Hamburg and a number of plants below 3,000 m². It may be relevant mentioning, that the island of Ærø in Denmark has three of the major CSHP, Marstal, Ærøskøping and Rise.

History of central solar heating plants

:The history of CSHP given here is mainly a Nordic-European perspective on the topic.

Sweden has played a major role in the development of large-scale solar heating. According to (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1993), the first steps were taken in the early seventies in Linköping, Sweden, followed by a mature revision in 1983 in Lyckebo, Sweden. Inspired by this work, Finland developed its first plant in Kerava, and the Netherlands built a first plant in Groningen. These plants are reported under the International Energy Agency by (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1990). Note that these plants did already combine CSHPs with large-scale thermal storage.

The first large-scale solar collector fields were made on-site in Torvalle, Sweden, 1982, 2000 m² and Malung, Sweden, 640 m². Prefabricated collector arrays were introduced in Nykvarn, Sweden, 4000 m² in 1985. There was from the beginning a strong international perspective and cooperation within this research field, through investigation with the European Communities (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1995) and the International Energy Agency (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1990). Denmark did enter this research area parallel to the Swedish activities with a plant in Vester Nebel in 1987, one plant in Saltum in 1988 and one in Ry in 1989, taking over the know-how for prefabricated solar collectors of large size by the Swedish company Teknoterm by the dominating company ARCON, Denmark. In the later 1990s Germany and Switzerland were active among others with plants in Stuttgart and Chemnitz.

Due to cheap land prices, in the Nordic countries new collector arrays are ground-mounted (concrete foundations or pile-driven steel) in suitable areas (low-yield agricultural, industry etc.). Countries with high ground prices tend to place solar collectors on building roofs, following the 'block plant' variant of CSHPs. In Northern Europe, 20% solar heat of annual heating requirement is the economic optimum in a district heating plant when using above-ground storage tanks. If pond storage is used, the solar contribution can reach 50%.Wittrup, Sanne. "[https://ing.dk/artikel/dansk-solteknologi-mod-nye-verdensrekorder-179658 Dansk solteknologi mod nye verdensrekorder]" Ingeniøren, 23 October 2015. Accessed: 16 July 2016.

By 1999 40 CSHPs were in operation in Europe generating about 30 MW of thermal power [http://wire0.ises.org/wire/doclibs/EuroSun98.nsf/c1223aa2046dd602c1256927007e9e65/1a880e3f0ced45fcc1256771003045f0!OpenDocument]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.

Related systems

Central solar heating is a sub-class of 'large-scale solar heating' systems - a term applied to systems with solar collector areas greater than 500 m².

Aquifers, boreholes and artificial ponds (costing €30/m³) are used as heat storage (up to 90% efficient) in some central solar heating plants, which later extract the heat (similar to ground storage) via a large heat pump to supply district heating.{{cite web |last1=Epp |first1=Baerbel |title=Seasonal pit heat storage: Cost benchmark of 30 EUR/m³ |url=https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/seasonal-pit-heat-storage-cost-benchmark-30-eurm3 |website=Solarthermalworld |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200202103359/https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/seasonal-pit-heat-storage-cost-benchmark-30-eurm3 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |language=en |date=17 May 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |author1=Kallesøe, A.J. & Vangkilde-Pedersen, T. |title=Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) - 4 PTES (Pit Thermal Energy Storage), 10 MB |url=https://www.heatstore.eu/documents/HEATSTORE_UTES%20State%20of%20the%20Art_WP1_D1.1_Final_2019.04.26.pdf |website=www.heatstore.eu |page=99}} Some of these are listed in the table above.

In Alberta, Canada the Drake Landing Solar Community has achieved a world record 97% annual solar fraction for heating needs, using solar-thermal panels on the garage roofs and thermal storage in a borehole cluster.Wong B., Thornton J. (2013). [http://www.geo-exchange.ca/en/UserAttachments/flex1304_5-%20SAIC-%20Bill%20Wong%202013%20-%20Integrating%20Solar%20and%20Heat%20Pumps.pdf Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610063730/http://www.geo-exchange.ca/en/UserAttachments/flex1304_5-%20SAIC-%20Bill%20Wong%202013%20-%20Integrating%20Solar%20and%20Heat%20Pumps.pdf |date=2016-06-10 }}. Renewable Heat Workshop. (Powerpoint)Natural Resources Canada, 2012. [http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2012/6586 Canadian Solar Community Sets New World Record for Energy Efficiency and Innovation] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130430221347/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2012/6586 |date=2013-04-30 }}. 5 Oct. 2012.[http://www.dlsc.ca/ Drake Landing]

References

External links

[http://jxj.base10.ws/magsandj/rew/2002_06/share_sun.html Solar District Heating in Europe: Large Scale Solar Heating Systems for Housing Developments]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/19991104081058/http://wire0.ises.org/ European Large-Scale Solar Heating Network Thermie Project]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050405104448/http://main.hvac.chalmers.se/cshp/Intro.htm The European Large-Scale Solar Heating Network's former Homepage]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060924172047/http://www.arcon.dk/uk/store_uk.html 17.081 m2 CSHP at Ærø, Denmark]
[http://www.itw.uni-stuttgart.de/ITWHomepage/Sun/deutsch/public/pdfDateien/04-14.pdf CSHP with an aquifer thermal energy store, Rostock, Germany]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930150650/http://www.iea-ship.org/upload/5_pauschinger.pdf CSHPs in Germany]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072202/http://solar-district-heating.eu/ServicesTools/Plantdatabase.aspx Ranking List of European Large Scale Solar Heating Plants]
[http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 Current data on Danish solar heat plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205042/http://www.solvarmedata.dk/index.asp?secid=228 |date=2016-12-23 }}

Central solar heating#Largest CSHPs

Largest CSHPs

History of central solar heating plants

Related systems

See also

References

External links

Further reading