Ceriops tagal

{{Speciesbox

| image = Ceriops tagal - flowers (8349980250).jpg

| image_caption = In Mozambique

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |author=Duke, N. |author2=Kathiresan, K. |author3=Salmo III, S.G. |author4=Fernando, E.S. |author5=Peras, J.R. |author6=Sukardjo, S. |author7=Miyagi, T. |date=2010 |title=Ceriops tagal |volume=2010 |page=e.T178822A7617531 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178822A7617531.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

| taxon = Ceriops tagal

| authority = (Pers.) C.B.Rob.

| synonyms =

{{Collapsible list

|Bruguiera arnottiana {{Au|Wight ex Arn.}}

|Bruguiera timoriensis {{Au|Wight & Arn.}}

|Ceriops boviniana {{Au|Tul.}}

|Ceriops candolleana {{Au|Arn.}}

|Ceriops forsteniana {{Au|Blume}}

|Ceriops globulifera {{Au|Boreau ex Tul.}}

|Ceriops lucida {{Au|Miq.}}

|Ceriops mossambicensis {{Au|Klotzsch}}

|Ceriops pauciflora {{Au|Benth.}}

|Ceriops somalensis {{Au|Chiov.}}

|Ceriops timoriensis {{Au|Domin}}

|Ceriops timoriensis {{Au|(DC.) C.A.Gardner}}

}}

| synonyms_ref =

}}

Ceriops tagal, commonly known as spurred mangrove or Indian mangrove, is a mangrove tree species in the family Rhizophoraceae. It is a protected tree in South Africa. The specific epithet {{lang|fil|tagal}} is a plant name from the Tagalog language.

Description

Ceriops tagal is a medium-sized tree growing to a height of {{convert|25|m|-1}} with a trunk diameter of up to {{convert|45|cm|0|abbr=on}}. The growth habit is columnar or multi-stemmed and the tree develops large buttress roots. The radiating anchor roots are sometimes exposed and may loop up in places. The bark is silvery-grey to orangish-brown, smooth with occasional pustular lenticels. The leaves are in opposite pairs, glossy yellowish-green above, obovate with entire margins, up to {{convert|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide. The flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils; each has a long stalk and a short calyx tube, and parts in fives or sixes. The paired stamens are enclosed in the petals, which open explosively when disturbed. The ovoid fruits are up to {{convert|3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long suspended from the shrunken calyx tube. Brown at first, they change colour as they mature and the hypocotyl emerges. The hypocotyl is long and slender, growing to about {{convert|35|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, and is ribbed, a characteristic that distinguishes this mangrove from the smooth-fruited yellow mangrove (Ceriops australis).{{cite book|author=Duke, Norman C.|title=Australia's Mangroves: The Authoritative Guide to Australia's Mangrove Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61L3nLkJEDYC&pg=PT66 |year=2006 |publisher=MER |isbn=978-0-646-46196-0 |page=66}}

Distribution and habitat

Ceriops tagal grows naturally in eastern and southern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Maldives, China, Indo-China, Malesia, Papuasia, the Caroline Islands, New Caledonia and Australia. Its habitat is in brackish water areas in tidal zones.

Uses

The durable wood is used in house construction. It is also used in the manufacture of charcoal, and is favoured as firewood, being second only to Rhizophora spp., and a dye can be extracted from the bark. Among the mangrove species, its bark and sap yield red and black dyes, which are used in batik and tanning leather.{{cn|date=April 2018}}

In the Philippines, the extracts (barok) from the dried bark (marka tungog or tangal) are used as bittering and fermenting agents for the traditional bahalina palm wines, giving them a deep brown-orange color and a bitter tangy aftertaste. It is also used to tan and dye leather.{{cite web |last1=Polistico |first1=Edgie |title=Tungog |url=https://pinoyfoodillustrated.blogspot.com/2011/09/tungog.html |website=Philippine Food Illustrated |access-date=21 April 2019}}

Gallery

Ceriops tagal 50590387.jpg|Growth habit

Ceriops tagal 50590307.jpg|Ribbed hypocotyls on fruit

Ceriops tagal 50589978.jpg|Flowers & upright leaves

Ceriops tagal 50590292.jpg|Flower detail

References

{{Reflist|40em||refs =

{{cite web | title = Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B.Rob. | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2712632 | work = The Plant List | access-date = 30 June 2015 }}

{{cite web | url = http://www.forestry.co.za/uploads/File/fsa%20notices/2012/SA%20protected%20trees%202012.pdf | title = List of Protected Tree Species | date = 7 September 2012 | orig-year = National Forests Act 1998 | publisher = Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa) | access-date = 30 June 2015 }}

{{cite book | last1 = Madani | first1 = L. | last2 = Wong | first2 = K. M. | date = 1995 | contribution = Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B.Rob. | contribution-url = http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/backup/TFSSvol1_3.pdf | editor1-last = Soepadmo | editor1-first = E. | editor2-last = Wong | editor2-first = K. M. | title = Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak | volume = 1 | pages = 335–336, 337 | publisher = Forest Research Institute Malaysia | isbn = 983-9592-34-3 | url = http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx | version = (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions) | access-date = 30 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074942/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx | archive-date = 27 September 2013 | url-status = dead }}

}}