Cerise (satellite)

{{Short description|French military reconnaissance satellite}}

{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all

| name = CERISE

| names_list =

| image = Cerise sat broke.jpg

| image_caption = Illustration of debris colliding with Cerise

| image_size =

| mission_type = Military reconnaissance

| operator =

| COSPAR_ID = 1995-033B

| SATCAT = 23606

| website =

| mission_duration =

| spacecraft_bus = SSTL-70

| manufacturer = Alcatel Space{{,}}Surrey Satellite Technology

| launch_mass = {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}

| dry_mass = 50kg

| dimensions = {{convert|0.6|xx|0.3|xx|0.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| power =

| launch_date = {{start-date|7 July 1995, 16:23:34}} UTC

| launch_rocket = Ariane 4 V-75

| launch_site = Guiana Space Centre ELA-2

| launch_contractor = Arianespace

| entered_service =

| disposal_type =

| deactivated =

| destroyed =

| last_contact =

| decay_date =

| orbit_reference = Geocentric

| orbit_regime = Sun-synchronous

| orbit_semimajor =

| orbit_eccentricity = 0.0005756

| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|581|km|mi|abbr=on}}

| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|589|km|mi|abbr=on}}

| orbit_inclination = 98.2413°

| orbit_period =

| orbit_mean_motion = 14.94 rev/day

| orbit_epoch = 27 December 2016 12:15:03 UTC

| apsis = gee

}}

Cerise (French for "cherry") was a French military reconnaissance satellite. Its main purpose was to intercept HF radio signals for French intelligence services.

{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/spx501.html |title=SPACEWARN Bulletin Number 501 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=26 August 2009}} With a mass of 50 kg, it was launched by an Ariane 4 rocket from Kourou in French Guiana at 17:23 UT, 7 July 1995. Cerise's initial orbital parameters were period 98.1 min, apogee 675 km, perigee 666 km, and inclination 98.0 deg.

On 24 July 1996 it was hit by space debris from the Ariane 1 rocket that had launched the SPOT 1 satellite. The debris was in a very similar orbit (orbital inclination 98.14°) but oriented in such a way that it was going north where Cerise was going south and vice versa. This created a situation of multiple close passes before the actual collision. The objects collided with a relative velocity of 14.8 km/s, about twice the orbital speed of each, over the Indian Ocean. This was the first verified case of an accidental collision between two artificial objects in space, although there had been others "anomalous events" which were probably also collisions.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4486049.stm |title=CO2 prolongs life of space junk |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 March 2006 |date=5 May 2005}}{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Nicholas |date=September 1996 |title=First Natural Collision Of Cataloged Earth Satellites |url=https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv1i2.pdf |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=Orbital Debris Quarterly News |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Centre |pages=1–2 |volume=1 |issue=2}}

The collision tore off a 2.8-2.9 metre (9.2-9.5 foot) portion of Cerise's gravity-gradient stabilization boom, which left the satellite severely damaged and tumbling with a limited attitude control system. Novel magnetic control algorithms were used to re-stabilise the otherwise undamaged microsatellite to regain almost full operational mission capability.{{cite web |title=History of On-Orbit Satellite Fragmentations |url=https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/satellitefraghistory/tm-2008-214779.pdf |publisher=NASA Orbital Debris Program Office |pages=368–369 |date=June 2008 |accessdate=7 December 2013 |archive-date=30 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730203010/https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/satellitefraghistory/tm-2008-214779.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite journal |last1= Sweeting |first1=M.N. |last2= Hashida |first2=Y. |last3= Bean |first3=N.P. |last4=Hodgart |first4=M.S. |last5= Steyn |first5=H. |year=2004 |title=CERISE microsatellite recovery from first detected collision in low Earth orbit |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(03)00062-6 |journal=Acta Astronautica |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=139–147 |bibcode=2004AcAau..55..139S |doi=10.1016/S0094-5765(03)00062-6 |access-date=8 August 2021}}{{cite journal |last1= Ward|first1=Mark |title=Satellite injured in space wreck |journal=New Scientist |date=Aug 24, 1996 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120440-400-satellite-injured-in-space-wreck/}}

The Naval Space Operations Center detected a minor perturbation in the orbit of the debris of the Ariane rocket.