Cerro Sechín

Cerro Sechín sits on a granitic hill,{{cite book|last=Kubler|first=George|title=The Art and Architecture of Ancient America, Third Edition: The Mexican, Maya and Andean Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00geor|url-access=registration|access-date=1 January 2013|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05325-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00geor/page/363 363]–}} in the Casma Valley. It is located {{convert|1|km}} east of the Pan-American Highway,{{cite book|last=Browman|first=David L.|title=Advances in Andean Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKVed_ZTbIYC&pg=PA351|access-date=1 January 2013|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081001-1|pages=351–|chapter=Cerro Sechin: Medical Anthropology's Inauguration in Peru?}} {{convert|5|km}} from the provincial capital of Casma and {{convert|168|miles}} north of Lima.{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cerr_1/hd_cerr_1.htm|title=Cerro Sechin|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=1 January 2013}} It is situated {{convert|13|km}} from the Pacific Ocean,{{cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Jonathan|last2=Pozorski|first2=Shelia Griffis|last3=Pozorski|first3=Thomas George|title=The Origins and Development of the Andean State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66FOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25|access-date=1 January 2013|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33102-9|pages=25–}} near the confluence of the Sechin and Moxeke Rivers at an altitude of {{convert|90|m}} above sea level. The site contains walled enclosures around dwellings as well as temple platforms. Although the archaeological site occupies approximately {{convert|5|acres}}, the monuments are grouped in a single hectare.

File:Sechin casma valley.JPG

The Sechin Complex is made up of several sites, including Cerro Sechin. In the Sechin riverbank, to the northeast, is the complex of Sechin Alto. Considered the greatest architectural complex in Peru, it covers {{convert|300|-|400|acres}}. Sechin Bajo, nearest to Cerro Sechin, is on the other side of the river. Sechin Bajo was excavated in 1990 and its deeper layer was found in the year 2008; finds include the remains of a circular plaza of stone and mud dating to the Late Archaic period from 3,500 BC. Taukachi-Konkan is the northernmost of the sites within the complex.{{cite book|last1=Silverman|first1=Helaine|last2=Isbell|first2=William|title=Handbook of South American Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZr-lxQgJiAC&pg=PA617|access-date=1 January 2013|date=4 April 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-75228-0|pages=617–}}

Who developed Cerro Sechin, how it was constructed, and the nature of the site's ceremonies are unknown; little is known about the community associated with the site. The site dates to 1600 BC,{{cite book|last1=Dowl|first1=Aimée|last2=Miranda|first2=Carolina A.|last3=Shorthouse|first3=Katy|author4=Luke Waterson|title=Peru 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GwzMWQuO24C&pg=PA339|access-date=31 December 2012|date=1 May 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-014-6|pages=339–}} approximately the end of the Periodo Arcaico Andino period and early Formativo Inferior period. It was completed before 2000 BC but remained in use until about 1500 BC, before the start of the Chavín culture.

Rigorous excavation and research occurred at Cerro Sechin after its 1937 discovery by Tello and Xesspe. He felt that this monument was proof of the influence of the Chavin culture in the Casma Valley. However, later research determined that Cerro Sechin predates the shrine of Chavin, making Cerro Sechin the forerunner of the architecture and iconography of Chavin. In terms of function, Cerro Sechin served as a central administration place for production, distribution and food stocks, and also of worship as a ceremonial center.

There are several buildings, made from clay and stone. One of the clay buildings, remodeled in three phases, dates between 2400 and 2300 BC. Flanking the main buildings are two other buildings (Building A and Building C) and two platforms (platform Julio Cesar Tello and platform Rafael Larco). The main building is {{convert|51|sqm}} and {{convert|4|m}} in height. Though roofs no longer survive, their design is evidenced on pottery vessels. The temple, rectangular in design with rounded corners, was constructed of conical adobes; its entrance is on the north side. Its perimeter wall of monoliths or stelae is of earlier construction. A double staircase, about {{convert|4|ft}} high, leads to the top.

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The most striking feature of the stone building is its lithic block facade decorated with reliefs representing "warrior priests" and mutilated bodies. The etched bas-reliefs number approximately 300, from axe-wielding warriors, to body parts, and victims, who are decapitated and mutilated.{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Jerry D.|title=Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public Buildings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZskLhsgU94C&pg=PA50|access-date=1 January 2013|date=22 August 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55363-6|pages=48–50}} The characters are of two types: the warrior-priests (wearing a weapon or scepter) and dismembered victims or their offal (mainly heads, limbs, eyes skewered, intestines, vertebrae and viscera). These figures represent humans and demigods, without the presence of animals. In the interior of the adobe building, the main decoration is the best preserved. It depicts two mythological fish. Another figure depicts a man bleeding. These depictions closely relate to the sea, rain and human sacrifices. Carving methods include bevelled cuts, such as those found on body contours, and shallow incisions, such as those noted in eyelids and lips. There have been various interpretations of the stone carvings. One interpretation is that of battle scenes, carved to commemorate a great battle, with foreign victorious warriors and defeated Casma people.{{cite book|last=Vega|first=Margaret Yvette Brown|title=War and Social Life in Prehispanic Peru: Ritual, Defense, and Communities at the Fortress of Acaray, Huaura Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQm8q-uVzwsC&pg=PA26|access-date=1 January 2013|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-0-549-91204-0|pages=26–}} An alternate theory is that the site was a laboratory for anatomical studies, which explains the explicit exposure of different parts of the human body, such as organs and bones. Yet another theory is that it represents a popular bloody rebellion, crushed by the ruling elite.

• Andean preceramic

{{Reflist}}

• Kauffmann Doig, Federico: Historia y arte del Perú antiguo. Tomo 1, p. 156-164. Lima, Ediciones PEISA, 2002. {{ISBN|9972-40-213-4}} (in Spanish)
• Kaulicke, Peter: El Perú Antiguo I. Los períodos arcaico y formativo, pp. 40–41. Colección Historia del Perú, editada por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. Lima, 2010. {{ISBN|978-612-4069-86-4}} (in Spanish)
• Silva Sifuentes, Jorge E. T.: Origen de las civilizaciones andinas. Incluida en la Historia del Perú. Lima, Lexus Editores, 2000. {{ISBN|9972-625-35-4}} (in Spanish)

• [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cerr_1/hd_cerr_1.htm Cerro Sechin] www.metmuseum.org

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Category:Archaeological sites in Peru

Category:Archaeological sites in the Department of Ancash

Category:1937 archaeological discoveries

Category:Andean preceramic