Chalatenango Department

The name Chalatenango derives from the Nawat words {{lang|ppl|chal}} or {{lang|ppl|shal}} meaning "sand", {{lang|ppl|at}} meaning "water" or "river", and {{lang|ppl|tenango}} meaning "valley".{{efn|"Tenango" is also a Nahuatl suffix meaning "place of".{{sfn|Nash|2001}}}} In its entirety, "Chalatenango" means "valley of sandy waters".{{cite web|url=http://www.chalatenango.gob.sv/historia.html|title=Historia de Chalatenango|trans-title=History of Chalatenango|language=es|date=c. 2016|access-date=6 October 2023|work=Chalatenango Municipal Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203223514/http://www.chalatenango.gob.sv/historia.html|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=dead}}

The indigenous peoples of the Americas had lived in the region of the modern-day Chalatenango department for over one thousand five hundred years before the arrival of the Spanish in the 1500s. The indigenous people of the area lived in densely populated communities and cultivated maize.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|pp=12–13}} From 1524 to 1539, the Spanish conquered the territories of modern-day El Salvador, including Chalatenango.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=14}}

In 1790, Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet, the colonial intendant of the Intendancy of San Salvador, recruited laborers from the Spanish regions of Asturias, Cantabria, and Galicia to work in the production of indigo in the modern-day region of the Chalatenango department. The laborers were recruited due to a decrease in the indigenous population in the area.{{sfn|Muñoz Borrero|Moreno|2013}}{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=45}} As a result, Chalatenango saw a significant increase of a lighter-skinned populace compared to the rest of El Salvador.{{sfn|Muñoz Borrero|Moreno|2013}}

Chalatenango was made a department in 1855.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=45}}

During the 1700s and 1800s, Chalatenango was mostly dependent on indigo production, however, the fall of indigo prices in the 1860s led to the department falling into a state of impoverishment.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|pp=45–46}} Since then, Chalatenango was one of the country's poorest departments,{{sfn|van der Borgh|1997|p=53}}{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=133}} as most impoverished peasant farmers in El Salvador lived in the department, especially during the 1960s and 1970s.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=32}} In 1961, 56 percent of the urban population was literate, while only 27 percent of the rural population was literate. During the 1970s, Chalatenango only had one hospital, and only 57 percent of the population had access to any type of medical clinic; only one third of households had running water and only 16 percent had access to electricity.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|pp=50–52}} In 1971, the local minimum wage in Chalatenango was SVC₡1.00 to 2.50 per day, compared to the national minimum wage of SVC₡2.75 per day,{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=63}} and in 1975, Chalatenango had an unemployment rate of 40 percent, the highest of any department.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=61}}

The Chalatenango department was a military stronghold for the Farabundo Martí Popular Liberation Forces (FPL) and the People's Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), two Marxist armed organizations, during the 1970s due to the department's mountainous terrain.{{sfn|Rabasa|2007|p=40}}{{sfn|Reveal Digital|1983|p=10}}{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=136}} The department continued to be a military stronghold for the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a left-wing guerrilla group which the FPL was a founding member of, during the Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992).{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=45}}{{sfn|Ebiner|2019|p=188}} Due to its nature as a guerrilla stronghold, several military operations conducted by both sides of the civil war occurred in Chalatenango.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|pp=226–227}} During the civil war, many refugees fled south to the shore of Lake Suchitlán or left the department entirely for either Honduras or the United States. Many mayors in northern Chalatenango also fled their municipalities, leaving them to be effectively controlled by the FMLN; during and after the civil war, references were made by locals that there were "two Chalatenangos", one under government control and one under guerrilla control.{{sfn|van der Borgh|1997|p=54}} By 1983, the FMLN held 15 of the department's 13 municipalities.{{sfn|Reveal Digital|1983|p=10}} Several civil war massacres occurred in Chalatenango, including the 1980 Sumpul River massacre{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=197}} and the 1982 Santa Rita massacre.{{sfn|Betancur|Figueredo Planchart|Buergenthal|2001|p=61}}

From 1992 to 1995, following the conclusion of the civil war, the Municipalities-in-Action (MEA) program listed 20 out of the department's 33 municipalities as "reconstruction municipalities" as they were severely damaged during the civil war, most of which were located in territories controlled by the FMLN. The MEA allocated SVC₡85 million (equivalent of USD$9.75 million) to Chalatenango to help built schools, clinics, roads, and water systems, the highest amount given to any department.{{sfn|van der Borgh|1997|p=52}}

Chalatenango covers a land area of 779 sq mi (2,017 km²).{{sfn|Government of El Salvador|2008|p=29}} It lies along the Tamulasco and Cholco rivers at an elevation of 1,660 feet (506 metres).{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chalatenango | title=Chalatenango | Chalatenango History, Culture & Nature | Britannica }}

{{Historical populations

|1770|36,000

|1892|54,000

|1971|172,075

|2007|192,788

|2024|185,930

}}

The population of Chalatenango increased by over 50 percent between 1770 and 1892, compared to national figure of 32 percent; the department's population in 1892 totaled around 54,000 people.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|p=46}} By 1971, the department's population had increased to 172,075, but by then, its population growth had fallen to 2.3 percent per year, the lowest of any department. During the 1970s, Chalatenango had the highest rate of internal migration at –16.1 percent.{{sfn|Pearce|1986|pp=49–50}} In 2007, Chalatenango had a population of 192,788, the fourth smallest department by population.{{sfn|Government of El Salvador|2008|pp=29–30}} In 2024, Chalatenango had a population of 185,930.{{cite web|url=https://censo2024.bcr.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/tablas-geoportal/2025/TAB_POB_1.pdf|title=VII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda 2024 Características de la Población|trans-title=VII Census of the Population and VI of Housing 2024 Characteristics of the Population|language=es|date=2024|access-date=19 April 2025|work=Government of El Salvador|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405065139/https://censo2024.bcr.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/tablas-geoportal/2025/TAB_POB_1.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2025|url-status=dead}}

1. Chalatenango Centro
2. Chalatenango Norte
3. Chalatenango Sur

The Chalatenango department consists of 33 districts, the most of any department in El Salvador. The 33 municipalities are often grouped into three zones: north, central, and south. The department's 33 municipalities, listed in alphabetical order, are:{{sfn|Pearce|1986|pp=47–49}}

{{col-begin}}

{{col-3}}

1. Agua Caliente
2. Arcatao
3. Azacualpa
4. Chalatenango (capital)
5. Citalá
6. Comalapa
7. Concepción Quezaltepeque
8. Dulce Nombre de María
9. El Carrizal
10. El Paraíso
11. La Laguna

{{col-3}}

12. La Palma
13. La Reina
14. Las Flores
15. Las Vueltas
16. Nombre de Jesús
17. Nueva Concepción
18. Nueva Trinidad
19. Ojos de Agua
20. Potonico
21. San Antonio de la Cruz
22. San Antonio Los Ranchos
23. San Fernando

{{col-3}}

24. San Francisco Lempa
25. San Francisco Morazán
26. San Ignacio
27. San Isidro Labrador
28. San José Cancasque
29. San Luis del Carmen
30. San Miguel de Mercedes
31. San Rafael
32. Santa Rita
33. Tejutla

{{col-end}}

On 13 June 2023, 67 of the 84 deputies of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador voted in favor of a bill proposed by President Nayib Bukele to reduce the total number of the country's municipalities from 262 to 44. As a result, Chalatenango's 33 municipalities were consolidated into 3, known as Chalatenango Norte, Chalatenango Centro, and Chalatenango Sur; the 33 municipalities remained extant as districts, and the change went into effect on 1 May 2024.{{sfn|García|2023}}

The department heavily relies on agriculture to sustain its population. Crops such as maize, beans, and vegetables are cultivated on around 3.5 percent of the department's land, meanwhile, cattle are raised on around 35 percent of its land.{{sfn|van der Borgh|1997|pp=53–54}}

Chalatenango has two main roads which travel through the department. The first, the Northern Trunk Highway (CA4), connects San Salvador, the country's capital city, in the south with the Honduran border in the north. The second, the Longitudinal Trunk Highway (CA3), connects the departments of Santa Ana in the west and Cabañas in the east.{{sfn|van der Borgh|1997|p=53}}{{cite web|url=https://chalatenango.sv/principales-carreteras-de-chalatenango|title=Principales Carreteras de Chalatenango|trans-title=Primary Highways of Chalatenango|language=es|date=2 February 2016|access-date=6 October 2023|work=Chalatenango.sv}} Other highways include the Arcatao Highway (CHA07) connecting the city of Chalatenango with Arcatao, the La Montañona Perimeter Ring (CHA07) connecting the Concepción Quezaltepeque with Ojos de Agua via the city of Chalatenango, and the Dulce Nombre de María–San Fernando Road (CHA13) which connects the two aforementioned municipalities.

Chalatenango used to be under in influence of the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) criminal gang, specifically its Fulton Locos Salvatruchos cell,{{sfn|InSight Crime|2021}} until May 2023 when the Salvadoran government began the Siege of Nueva Concepción, an operation in Nueva Concepción (the gang's primary stronghold) to extract and arrest as many gang members as possible as a part of the country's gang crackdown.{{sfn|Maldonado|2023}} The Texis Cartel also operated out of Chalatenango. Common crimes which were committed in Chalatenango included arms trafficking, drug trafficking (such as cocaine and marijuana), human trafficking, and extortion.{{sfn|InSight Crime|2021}}

• Departments of El Salvador

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite web|last1=Betancur|first1=Belisario|author1-link=Belisario Betancur|last2=Figueredo Planchart|first2=Reinaldo|last3=Buergenthal|first3=Thomas|author3-link=Thomas Buergenthal|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/ElSalvador-Report.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240531004615/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/ElSalvador-Report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2024|title=From Madness to Hope: the 12–Year War in El Salvador: Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador|language=en|date=26 January 2001|access-date=22 May 2021|publisher=The Commission on the Truth for El Salvador}}
• {{cite web|url=https://insightcrime.org/el-salvador-organized-crime-news/chalatenango-el-salvador/|title=Chalatenango, El Salvador|language=en|date=22 March 2021|access-date=6 October 2023|work=InSight Crime|ref={{harvid|InSight Crime|2021}}}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Ebiner|first1=Joshua S.|title=Making Peace, and Peace Talks, Last: Factors Behind the Successful Resolution of the Salvadoran Civil War|language=en|journal=St Antony's International Review|date=May 2019|volume=15|issue=1|pages=183–198|jstor=27027761}}
• {{cite web|last1=García|first1=Jessica|url=https://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/nacional/asamblea-legislativa-aprueba-ley-reduccion-municipios/1068062/2023/|title=Asamblea Aprueba Reducir de 262 a 44 el Número de Municipios en El Salvador|trans-title=The Assembly Approves to Reduce the Number of Municipalities in El Salvador from 262 to 44|language=es|work=El Diario de Hoy|date=13 June 2023|access-date=13 June 2023}}
• {{cite web|last1=Maldonado|first1=Carlos S.|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-17/nayib-bukele-doubles-down-on-his-anti-gang-offensive-after-an-officer-was-murdered-in-el-salvador.html|title=Nayib Bukele Doubles Down on His Anti-Gang Offensive After an Officer was Murdered in El Salvador|language=en|date=17 May 2023|access-date=6 October 2023|work=El País|location=Mexico}}
• {{cite web|last1=Muñoz Borrero|first1=Eduardo|last2=Moreno|first2=Fray Agustin|url=http://michel.turpain.pagesperso-orange.fr/pages/carondelet.htm|title=François Louis Hector de Carondelet|date=2013|work=Noyelles sur Selle, Carondelet|language=fr|trans-title=Francis Louis Hector of Carondelet|access-date=6 October 2023|name-list-style=amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116075713/http://michel.turpain.pagesperso-orange.fr/pages/carondelet.htm|archive-date=16 November 2020|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite book|last1=Nash|first1=June C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=di5m_x5IzbwC|title=Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization|language=en|date=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|location=Chiapas, Mexico|isbn=9780415928618|page=42}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Rabasa|first1=Angel|title=Chapter Five: El Salvador (1980–1992)|language=en|journal=Money in the Bank--Lessons Learned from Past Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations: RAND Counterinsurgency Study–Paper 4|date=2007|pages=39–48|jstor=10.7249/op185osd.12|jstor-access=free}}
• {{cite book|last1=Pearce|first1=Jenny|title=Promised land: Peasant Rebellion in Chalatenango, El Salvador|language=en|date=1986|access-date=6 October 2023|url=https://archive.org/details/promisedlandpeas0000pear|location=London|publisher=Latin America Bureau|isbn=0906156211|oclc=1151063083}}
• {{cite journal|last1=van der Borgh|first1=Chris|title=Decision-Making and Participation in Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Post-War Chalatenango, El Salvador|language=en|journal=European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies|date=December 1997|issue=63|pages=49–66|jstor=25675752}}
• {{cite web|title=VI Censo de Población y V de Vivienda 2007 – Población, Viviendas, Hogares|publisher=Ministry of the Economy of El Salvador|url=http://www.censos.gob.sv/cpv/descargas/CPV_Resultados.pdf|date=April 2008|access-date=6 October 2023|trans-title=VI Census of Population and V of Housing 2007 – Population, Housing, Households|work=Government of El Salvador|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603110343/http://www.censos.gob.sv/cpv/descargas/CPV_Resultados.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2021|url-status=dead|ref={{harvid|Government of El Salvador|2008}}}}
• {{cite news|title=Voz Fronteriza|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|date=April 1983|location=San Diego, California|publisher=Reveal Digital|pages=1–16|jstor=28456744|jstor-access=free|ref={{harvid|Reveal Digital|1983}}}}

{{Commons category}}

• Atlas Geográfico Universal y de El Salvador. Editorial Oceano. Edición 1995 {{ISBN|84-494-0135-6}}
• [http://www.chalatenangosv.com Sitio web del departamento de Chalatenango]

{{Portal bar|El Salvador|Geography}}

{{Chalatenango Department}}

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Category:1855 establishments in El Salvador