Champagne Pool
{{Short description|Lake in New Zealand}}
{{for|Champagne Pools|Fraser Island, Queensland}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Champagne Pool
| image = ChampagnePool-Wai-O-Tapu rotated MC.jpg
| alt = The orange colour originates from deposits of arsenic and antimony sulfides.
| caption = The orange colour originates from deposits of arsenic and antimony sulfides.
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Waiotapu, North Island
|pushpin_map=New Zealand North Island
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Champagne Pool
| coords = {{coord|38.359086|S|176.368901|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = geothermal
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = New Zealand
| length = {{Convert|65|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth = {{Convert|62|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| volume = {{Convert|50000|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}
| residence_time = 34 days
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
}}
Champagne Pool is a prominent geothermal feature within the Waiotapu geothermal area in the North Island of New Zealand. The terrestrial hot spring is located about {{Convert|30|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} southeast of Rotorua and about {{Convert|50|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} northeast of Taupō. The name Champagne Pool is derived from the abundant efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2), similar to a glass of bubbling champagne. The hot spring was formed 900 years ago by a hydrothermal eruption,{{cite journal |last1=Lloyd |first1=E. F. |year=1959 |title=The hot springs and hydrothermal eruptions of Waiotapu |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=141–76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141 |doi=10.1080/00288306.1959.10431319|url-access=subscription }} which makes it in geological terms a relatively young system. Its crater is about {{Convert|65|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter with a maximum depth around {{Convert|62|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is filled with an estimated volume of {{Convert|50000|m3|ft3|abbr=on}} of geothermal fluid.{{cite journal |last1=Hedenquist |first1=J. W. |year=1986 |title=Geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone: Their characteristics and relation to volcanism and mineralisation |journal=Bulletin of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=23 |pages=134–68}}
Hydrochemistry
File:Champagne Pool, Wai O Tapu Thermal Wonderland.jpg
The deep geothermal water below Champagne Pool is of the order of {{Convert|260|°C|°F}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0375-6505(94)90022-1 |title=Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field, New Zealand |year=1994 |last1=Giggenbach |first1=W |last2=Sheppard |first2=D |last3=Robinson |first3=B |last4=Stewart |first4=M |last5=Lyon |first5=G |journal=Geothermics |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |pages=599}} but water temperature within the pool is maintained at {{Convert|73|°C|°F|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|75|°C|°F|abbr=on}} by losing heat to the atmosphere. The pH of 5.5 is relatively constant due to buffering by the flux of CO2. Gases are mainly CO2, but to lesser extent nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and traces of oxygen (O2).{{cite journal |doi=10.1144/0016-764900-131 |title=Biogenicity of gold- and silver-bearing siliceous sinters forming in hot (75 C) anaerobic spring-waters of Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, North Island, New Zealand |year=2001 |last1=Jones |first1=B. |last2=Renaut |first2=R. W. |last3=Rosen |first3=M. R. |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=895|bibcode=2001JGSoc.158..895J }} The siliceous geothermal fluid is oversaturated with metalloid compounds such as orpiment (As2S3) and stibnite (Sb2S3), which precipitate and form orange subaqueous deposits.{{cite journal |first1=J. G. |last1=Pope |first2=K. L. |last2=Brown |first3=D. M. |last3=McConchie |year=2005 |title=Gold Concentrations in Springs at Waiotapu, New Zealand: Implications for Precious Metal Deposition in Geothermal Systems |journal=Economic Geology |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=677–87 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.100.4.677 |url=http://www.segweb.org/eg/papers/Abs100-4_files/04Pope.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131026/http://www.segweb.org/eg/papers/Abs100-4_files/04Pope.pdf |archivedate=27 September 2011 }} The colourful deposits are in sharp contrast to the grey-white silica sinter surrounding Champagne Pool.
Biology
Image:Champagne pool edge wai-o-tapu nz.jpg and stibnite deposits]]
Although Champagne Pool is geochemically well characterised, few studies have addressed its role as a potential habitat for microbial life forms. H2 and either CO2 or O2 would be available as metabolic energy sources for autotrophic growth of methanogenic or hydrogen-oxidising microorganisms. Culture-independent methods provided evidence for filamentous, coccoid, and rod-shaped cell morphologies in the hot spring.{{cite journal |bibcode=2003CaJES..40.1643M |title=Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: Rates of growth and textural development |author1=Mountain |first1=B. W. |last2=Benning |first2=L. G. |last3=Boerema |first3=J. A. |volume=40 |year=2003 |pages=1643 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |doi=10.1139/e03-068 |issue=11}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1144/0016-764903-058 |title=Bacterial S-layer preservation and rare arsenic-antimony-sulphide bioimmobilization in siliceous sediments from Champagne Pool hot spring, Waiotapu, New Zealand |year=2005 |last1=Phoenix |first1=V. R. |last2=Renaut |first2=R. W. |last3=Jones |first3=B. |last4=Ferris |first4=F. G. |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=323}} Two novel bacteria and a novel archaeon have been successfully isolated from Champagne Pool.{{cite journal |pages=605–14 |doi=10.1007/s00792-007-0073-2 |title=Microbial life in Champagne Pool, a geothermal spring in Waiotapu, New Zealand |year=2007 |last1=Hetzer |first1=Adrian |last2=Morgan |first2=Hugh W. |last3=McDonald |first3=Ian R. |last4=Daughney |first4=Christopher J. |journal=Extremophiles |volume=11 |issue=4 |pmid=17426919}} Bacterial isolate CP.B2 named Venenivibrio stagnispumantis tolerates relatively high concentrations of arsenic and antimony compounds and represents a novel genus and species within the order Aquificales.{{cite journal |pages=398–403 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.64842-0 |title=Venenivibrio stagnispumantis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium isolated from Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand |year=2008 |last1=Hetzer |first1=A. |last2=McDonald |first2=I. R. |last3=Morgan |first3=H. W. |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pmid=18218938|doi-access=free }}
See also
References
{{Reflist|2}}
External links
{{Commons category-inline|Champagne Pool}}
Category:Hot springs of New Zealand