Chan Hol

Chan Hol is derived from Mayan, meaning "little hole".{{sfn|National Geographic News |2010}} The Chan Hol cave system extends over {{convert|5000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length. The entrance, via the cenote, is located around {{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away from Tulum and around {{convert|11.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the modern coastline.{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014}} As the sea level was over {{convert|100|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} lower than it is today, the cave system was dry during the Late Pleistocene.{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014}} During the Late Pleistocene, the Yucatán region was likely composed of dry savanna, grassland and even desert.{{sfn|Braswell|2014|p=4}}

The skeletons of first two ancient Paleo-Indians were discovered within the Chan Hol cave system. Both skeletons exhibit sinodont dental morphology.{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014|p=404}}

The first fossil, Chan Hol I, was discovered in 2006 by Alexandra and Thorsten Kampe at a location in the cave system around {{convert|530|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the cenote entrance, at a depth of around {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} underwater. Nicknamed El Joven, the fossil is dated to around 9194-8792 BP. The skeleton had fossilized while the cave system was still dry.{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014}} The skeleton shows evidence of intentional placement of the dead body.{{sfn|Braswell|2014|p=4}}

The second fossil, Chan Hol II, was discovered in 2009 by Harry Gust{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014}} at a location in the cave system around {{convert|1,240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the cenote entrance, at a depth of around {{convert|8.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} underwater.{{sfn|Stinnesbeck|Becker|Hering|Frey|2017}} In February 2012, photos of the skeleton spread on social media.{{sfn|Stinnesbeck|Becker|Hering|Frey|2017}} In March 2012, the site was vandalized and looted.{{sfn|Stinnesbeck|Becker|Hering|Frey|2017}} Most of the skeletal remains, including the skull, were stolen. In October 2012, researchers collected the leftover fossil fragments from the site.{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014}} Although Chan Hol II was given the nickname La Niña,{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014}} later osteological analysis shows that the remains likely belonged to a young male.{{sfn|Stinnesbeck|Becker|Hering|Frey|2017}} The fossil is dated to around 11,311 BP.{{sfn|Stinnesbeck|Becker|Hering|Frey|2017}} The individual had died while the cave system was still dry.{{sfn|González|Terrazas|Stinnesbeck|Benavente|2014}}

The third fossil, Chan Hol III, was discovered in 2016 by divers Iván Hernández and Vicente Fito led by Jerónimo Avilés Olguín. The skeleton

was discovered in a low cave tunnel in fresh water at {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}} water depth, at {{convert|1141|m|abbr=on}} diving distance from the cenote entrance. Nicknamed Ixchel after the Maya goddess of fertility. The fossil is a 30-year-old woman who lived around 10,000 years ago. The skull shows evidence of various traumas and possibly signs of a disease that may have driven her tribe to kill her.{{sfn|Stinnesbeck|Rennie|Avilés Olguín|Stinnesbeck|2020}}

According to craniometric measurements, the skull is believed to conform to the mesocephalic pattern, like the other three skulls found in Tulum caves. Three different scars on the skull of the woman showed that she was hit with something hard and her skull bones were broken.Her skull also had crater-like deformations and tissue deformities that appeared to be caused by a bacterial relative of syphilis.{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/early-american-underwater-cave.html|title=9,900-year-old skeleton of horribly disfigured woman found in Mexican cave|last=February 2020|first=Laura Geggel-Associate Editor 05|website=livescience.com|date=5 February 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}

According to study lead researcher Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, "It really looks as if this woman had a very hard time and an extremely unhappy end of her life. Obviously, this is speculative, but given the traumas and the pathological deformations on her skull, it appears a likely scenario that she may have been expelled from her group and was killed in the cave, or was left in the cave to die there”. {{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

The newly discovered skeleton was {{convert|140|m|abbr=on}} away from the Chan Hol 2 site. Although archaeologists assumed the divers found the remains of the missing Chan Hol 2, the analysis proved that these assumptions were erroneous in a short time. Stinnesbeck compared the new bones to old photographs of Chan Hol 2 and showed that the two skeletons represent different individuals.{{Cite journal|last1=Stinnesbeck|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Rennie|first2=Samuel R.|last3=Olguín|first3=Jerónimo Avilés|last4=Stinnesbeck|first4=Sarah R.|last5=Gonzalez|first5=Silvia|last6=Frank|first6=Norbert|last7=Warken|first7=Sophie|last8=Schorndorf|first8=Nils|last9=Krengel|first9=Thomas|last10=Morlet|first10=Adriana Velázquez|last11=González|first11=Arturo González|date=2020-02-05|title=New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=15|issue=2|pages=e0227984|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227984|issn=1932-6203|pmc=7001910|pmid=32023279|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1527984S |doi-access=free}}

Due to their distinctive features, study co-researcher  Samuel Rennie suggest the existence of at least two morphologically diverse groups of people living separately in Mexico during the transition from Pleistocene to Holocene.[https://scitechdaily.com/9900-year-old-skeleton-discovered-in-submerged-mexican-cave-has-a-distinctive-skull/ "9,900-Year-Old Skeleton Discovered in Submerged Mexican Cave Has a Distinctive Skull"]

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• {{cite book | last=Braswell | first=Geoffrey | title=The Ancient Maya of Mexico : Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands | publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | location=London New York | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-54360-2 }}
• {{cite book |last1=González |first1=Arturo H. |last2=Terrazas |first2= Alejandro |last3= Stinnesbeck |first3= Wolfgang |last4=Benavente |first4=Martha E. | chapter=Chapter 19: The First Human Settlers on the Yucatan Peninsula: Evidence from Drowned Caves in the State of Quintana Roo (South Mexico)| editor-last=Graf | editor-first=Kelly | title=Paleoamerican odyssey | publisher=Texas A & M University Press | location=College Station | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-62349-192-5 |pages=399–413}}
• {{cite journal | last1=Stinnesbeck | first1=Wolfgang | last2=Becker | first2=Julia | last3=Hering | first3=Fabio | last4=Frey | first4=Eberhard | last5=González | first5=Arturo González | last6=Fohlmeister | first6=Jens | last7=Stinnesbeck | first7=Sarah | last8=Frank | first8=Norbert | last9=Terrazas Mata | first9=Alejandro | last10=Benavente | first10=Martha Elena | last11=Avilés Olguín | first11=Jerónimo | last12=Aceves Núñez | first12=Eugenio | last13=Zell | first13=Patrick | last14=Deininger | first14=Michael | editor-last=Petraglia | editor-first=Michael D. | title=The earliest settlers of Mesoamerica date back to the late Pleistocene | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=12 | issue=8 | date=2017-08-30 | pages=e0183345 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183345 | pmid=28854194 | pmc=5576649 | bibcode=2017PLoSO..1283345S | doi-access=free }}
• {{cite web | title=Undersea Cave Yields One of Oldest Skeletons in Americas | website=National Geographic News | date=2010-09-15 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100915-oldest-skeleton-underwater-cave-science/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917033438/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100915-oldest-skeleton-underwater-cave-science/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 17, 2010 | ref={{sfnref | National Geographic News | 2010}} | access-date=2017-08-31}}
• {{cite journal | last1=Stinnesbeck | first1=Wolfgang | last2=Rennie | first2=Samuel R. | last3=Avilés Olguín| first3=Jerónimo | last4=Stinnesbeck | first4=Sarah| last5=González | first5=Silvia| last6=Frank | first6=Norbert | last7=Warken | first7=Sophie | last8=Schorndorf | first8=Nils | last9=Krengel | first9=Thomas | last10=Velazquez Morlet| first10=Adriana | last11=Arturo Gonzalez | editor-last=Petraglia | editor-first=Michael D. | title=New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=15 | issue=2 | date=2020-02-05 | pages=e0227984 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227984 | pmid=32023279 | pmc=7001910| bibcode=2020PLoSO..1527984S | doi-access=free }}

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