Charaxes bernardus
{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Tawny rajah
| image = Tawny Rajah (Charaxes bernardus), Vietnam.jpg
| image_caption = Upperside
| image2 = Tawny Rajah (Charaxes bernardus crepax).jpg
| image2_caption = Underside
| taxon = Charaxes bernardus
| authority = (Fabricius), 1793
}}
Charaxes bernardus, the tawny rajah, is a butterfly that belongs to the rajahs and nawabs group, that is, the Charaxinae group of the brush-footed butterflies family. This species can be found in India, China, Indomalaya, and onwards to Indonesia.[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/charaxinae/charaxes/index.html#bernardus Charaxes bernardus] at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Description
Charaxes bernardus has a wingspan of about {{convert|7|-|9|cm}}. The upperside of wings is reddish brown or pale brown-orange, with dark brown/black speckles at the wings tips and small black marks at the margin of the hindwings. On the underside of the wings there are irregular wavy or tawny brown speckles and whitish zigzag bands. Males and females are very similar in appearance.{{Cite web |url=http://butterflyclub.greenpower.org.hk/7.14butterflycare/butterflycare/eng/Commonbutterflies.html |title=Butterflies Club |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115623/http://butterflyclub.greenpower.org.hk/7.14butterflycare/butterflycare/eng/Commonbutterflies.html |archive-date=2014-08-26 |url-status=dead }}[http://potokito-myshot.blogspot.it/2012/03/tawny-rajah-butterfly-charaxes.html Gallery of Bengkulu]
Habits
It has been recorded as a migrant in South India and is known to mud-puddle.{{cite journal |last1=Mathew |first1=G. |last2=Binoy |first2=C.F. |year=2002 |title=Migration of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the New Amarambalam Reserve Forest of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=844–847 |doi=10.11609/jott.zpj.17.8.844-7 |doi-access=free }}
Food plants
Known food plants of this species include:
Aglaia lawii,Kunte, K. 2006. Additions to the known larval host plants of Indian butterflies. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103(1):119-121 Aglaia roxburghiana (Meliaceae), Cinnamomum camphora, Litsea glutinosa, Litsea populifolia (Lauraceae), Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae), Adenanthera pavonina, Paraserianthes falcataria (= Falcataria moluccana), Tamarindus indica (Leguminosae), and Acronychia penduculata (Rutaceae).[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search/list.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&Familyqtype=starts+with&Family=&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&PFamily=&Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=Charaxes&PGenusqtype=starts+with&PGenus=&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=bernardus&PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PSpecies=&Country=&sort=Family nhm.ac.uk Caterpillar Host-Plant Database]
Subspecies
- Charaxes bernardus bernardus – present in China and Hong Kong
- Charaxes bernardus acolus Fruhstorfer – eastern Sumatra
- Charaxes bernardus agna Moore, 1878 – in Thailand and Burma
- Charaxes bernardus ajax Fawcett, 1897 – western Sumatra
- Charaxes bernardus bajula Staudinger, 1889 – Palawan
- Charaxes bernardus baliensis Joicey & Talbot, 1922 – Bali
- Charaxes bernardus basilisae Schröder & Treadaway, 1982 – Philippines
- Charaxes bernardus baya (Moore, 1857) – Java and Bali
- Charaxes bernardus crepax Fruhstorfer, 1914 – Malaysia and Singapore
- Charaxes bernardus cybistia Fruhstorfer
- Charaxes bernardus enganicus Fruhstorfer, 1904
- Charaxes bernardus hainanus Gu, 1994 – Hainan
- Charaxes bernardus hemana Butler, 1870 – Nepal
- Charaxes bernardus hierax C. & R. Felder, [1867] – Assam, Cambodia and southern Yunnan.
- Charaxes bernardus hindia Butler, 1872
- Charaxes bernardus kangeanensis Hanafusa, 1990Hanafusa, 1990: Ten new subspecies of Indonesian butterflies (Lep. Papilionidae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae). Futao 4: 12-15.
- Charaxes bernardus mahawedi Fruhstorfer – northern Indochina
- Charaxes bernardus mirabilis Hanafusa, 1989
- Charaxes bernardus mitschkei Lathy, 1913 – Nias
- Charaxes bernardus phlegontis Fruhstorfer
- Charaxes bernardus repetitus Butler, 1896 – Borneo
- Charaxes bernardus siporanus Hanafusa, 1992Hanafusa, H. 1992: Three new Nymphalid butterflies from Indonesia. Futao 9: 1-3.
- Charaxes bernardus siporaensis (Hanafusa, 1992)
- Charaxes bernardus varenius Fruhstorfer
File:Charaxespolyxena.jpg|C. b. phlegontis
File:Open wing position of Charaxes bernardus Fabricius, 1793 – Tawny Rajah (2).jpg|C. b. hierax (upperside)
File:Nymphalidae - Charaxes bernardus hierax.JPG|C. b. hierax (underside)
File:Charaxes bernardus mahawedi.jpg|C. b. mahawedi
File:Tawny Rajah Malaysia.jpg|Gua Tempurung, Malaysia
See also
{{commons category|Charaxes bernardus}}
Notes
{{Reflist}}
==References==
- {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |year=1932 }}
- {{cite book |last=Gaonkar |first=Harish |authorlink=Harish Gaonkar |title=Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a Threatened Mountain System |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences |location=Bangalore, India |year=1996 }}
- {{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Thomas |last2=Kehimkar |first2=Isaac David |last3=Punetha |first3=Jagdish Chandra |title=Common Butterflies of India |series=Nature Guides |publisher= World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press |location=Bombay, India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0195631647 }}
- {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }}
- {{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 }}
- {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
External links
- [http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=164933 Charaxes bernardus images] at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
- [http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=481197 Charaxes bernardus crepax images] at BOLD
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2715965}}
Category:Butterflies of Malaysia
Category:Butterflies of Indochina
Category:Butterflies described in 1793
Category:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
Category:Butterflies of Singapore