Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
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Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are aneurysms of the brain vasculature which occur in small blood vessels (less than 300 micrometre diameter). Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are most often located in the lenticulostriate vessels of the basal ganglia and are associated with chronic hypertension.{{cite book|last=Fausto|first=[ed. by] Vinay Kumar; Abul K. Abbas; Nelson|title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease|year=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8|edition=7th}} Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are a common cause of cerebral hemorrhage. Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm rupture might be linked to senile plaque formation in the Alzheimer's disease.{{Cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=Hualin |last2=Li |first2=Jilong |last3=Du |first3=Peng |last4=Jin |first4=Weilin |last5=Gao |first5=Guo |last6=Cui |first6=Daxiang |date=April 2023 |title=Senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease arise from Aβ- and Cathepsin D-enriched mixtures leaking out during intravascular haemolysis and microaneurysm rupture |url=https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.14549 |journal=FEBS Letters |language=en |volume=597 |issue=7 |pages=1007–1040 |doi=10.1002/1873-3468.14549 |pmid=36448495 |s2cid=254095098 |issn=0014-5793|url-access=subscription }}
Retinal microaneurysms are seen in conditions like diabetic retinopathy,{{Cite book|last=Salmon|first=John F.|url=|title=Kanski's clinical ophthalmology: a systematic approach|publisher=|year=2020|isbn=978-0-7020-7713-5|edition=9th|location=[Edinburgh]|pages=|oclc=1131846767}}{{rp|498}} HIV related retinal microangiopathy,{{rp|467}} sickle cell retinopathy,{{rp|533}} idiopathic macular telangiectasia{{rp|601}} etc. In diabetic retinopathy, due to breakdown in blood–retinal barrier, microaneurysms may leak plasma constituents into the retina, or it may thrombose.{{rp|498}}
Signs and symptoms
{{Main|Intracranial hemorrhage#Signs and symptoms}}
If a Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm ruptures, it will lead to an intracerebral hemorrhage, which can cause hemorrhagic stroke, typically experienced as a sudden focal paralysis or loss of sensation.
Pathophysiology
Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are aneurysms in the small penetrating blood vessels of the brain. They are associated with hypertension. The common artery involved is the lenticulostriate branch of the middle cerebral artery. Common locations of hypertensive hemorrhages include the putamen, caudate, thalamus, pons, and cerebellum. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
As with any aneurysm, once formed they have a tendency to expand and eventually rupture, in keeping with the Law of Laplace.E. Goljan, Pathology, 2nd ed. Mosby Elsevier, Rapid Review Series.Nussbaum ES, Erickson DL. The fate of intracranial microaneurysms treated with bipolar electrocoagulation and parent vessel reinforcement. Neurosurgery. {{doi|10.1097/00006123-199911000-00031}} . {{PMID|10549934}}1999;45(5):1172-4; discussion 1174-5.
Diagnosis
Usually not detected by CT angiography. Retinal microaneurysms can be diagnosed using ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, FFA, and OCT.{{Cite journal|last1=Dubow|first1=Michael|last2=Pinhas|first2=Alexander|last3=Shah|first3=Nishit|last4=Cooper|first4=Robert F.|last5=Gan|first5=Alexander|last6=Gentile|first6=Ronald C.|last7=Hendrix|first7=Vernon|last8=Sulai|first8=Yusufu N.|last9=Carroll|first9=Joseph|last10=Chui|first10=Toco Y. P.|last11=Walsh|first11=Joseph B.|date=2014-03-01|title=Classification of Human Retinal Microaneurysms Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscope Fluorescein Angiography|url=http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2189623|journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=1299–1309|doi=10.1167/iovs.13-13122|pmid=24425852 |issn=1552-5783|pmc=3943418}}
History
Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are named for the French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Charles-Joseph Bouchard.{{WhoNamedIt|synd|28}}C. J. Bouchard. Étude sur quelques points de la pathogénie des hémorrhagies cérébrales. Paris, 1867. Bouchard discovered these aneurysms during his doctoral research under Charcot.{{Citation|last1=Gupta|first1=Kashvi|title=Charcot Bouchard Aneurysm|date=2020|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553028/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=31971704|access-date=2021-01-01|last2=M Das|first2=Joe}}
See also
References
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{{Cerebrovascular diseases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm}}