Chargeware
{{Short description|Type of mobile malware}}
{{Expand section|date=February 2025}}
Chargeware is a type of mobile malware that appears to be a legitimate mobile application but is designed to charge users for services without their explicit knowledge or consent.{{cite web|title=Chargeware|url=https://www.lookout.com/know-your-mobile/glossary|website=Lookout|accessdate=13 June 2017}}
Characteristics and functionality
Chargeware primarily operates by misleading users into agreeing to unclear terms of service, leading to unauthorized fees and charges. It is often associated with Internet pornography, where third-party apps infect a user's device and covertly enroll them in expensive subscription services.{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-100-tech/hardware-profile/article/mobile-porn-habits-can-bring-hefty-charges-h8p52sj7h7n |date=February 21, 2014 |access-date=May 21, 2014 |newspaper=Sunday Times |title=Mobile porn habits can bring hefty charges |author=Nic Fildes}}
Chargeware frequently employs deceptive tactics, such as:
- Hidden Fees: Users unknowingly consent to recurring charges when installing or using the app.
- Aggressive Subscription Models: The malware may subscribe users to premium services without a clear opt-out mechanism.
- Difficult Unsubscription Processes: The apps often make it intentionally difficult for users to cancel subscriptions.
- Exploit of Carrier Billing: Many chargeware applications take advantage of mobile carrier billing systems to levy charges directly on phone bills.{{cite web|last1=Dunn|first1=John|title=Europe's mobile criminals migrate to 'chargeware' fraud for richer pickings|url=http://www.techworld.com/news/security/europes-mobile-criminals-migrate-chargeware-fraud-for-richer-pickings-3502914/|website=TechWorld|accessdate=14 June 2017}}
Prevalence and impact
Chargeware infections have been widely reported in various countries. In 2013, hundreds of thousands of users in France and the UK were affected, with many cases leading to further malware infections.{{cite web|last1=Dredge|first1=Stuart|title=The war against mobile 'adware' isn't over yet, warns Lookout|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/21/mobile-adware-chargeware-lookout-2013|website=The Guardian|date=21 February 2014 |accessdate=13 June 2017}} Other countries, such as Spain, saw chargeware infections at rates comparable to adware, while Japan reported the lowest incidence of such malware.{{cite web|last1=Scharr|first1=Jill|title=Rogue Mobile Ads Threaten U.S. Smartphone Users|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/rogue-mobile-adware,news-18336.html|website=Tom's Guide|accessdate=13 June 2017}}
The widespread use of mobile devices has made chargeware an attractive tool for cybercriminals, who continue to refine their tactics to evade detection. Hackers now focus on exploiting loopholes in mobile operating systems and country-specific billing regulations to maximize profits while minimizing the risk of legal repercussions.{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Alastair|title=Hackers Moving to Android's Grey Area to Avoid Google and Network Watchdogs.|url=https://www.v3.co.uk/|website=V3|accessdate=13 June 2017}}