Charles K. Armstrong

Armstrong earned his B.A. in Chinese Studies (having transferred from East Asian studies during his first year) at Yale University in 1984, and continued his studies for two years at Yonsei University in Seoul, earning a diploma in Korean language in 1986. He next spent a year in Northeast China teaching English at Jilin University and then went on to study for an M.Sc. at the London School of Economics in 1988. He earned his Ph.D. in Korean Studies at the University of Chicago in 1994 under Bruce Cumings, a noted historian of Korean Studies.Columbia University, [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/history/fac-bios/Armstrong/faculty.html faculty bio notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018033443/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/history/fac-bios/Armstrong/faculty.html |date=October 18, 2010 }}

Charles Armstrong is a specialist in the modern history of Korea and East Asia, and has written or edited numerous books on modern and contemporary Korea as well as the wider East Asia region (including Vietnam and Japan) and the Cold War.

He joined the Columbia faculty in 1996 and before leaving in 2020, taught courses on Korean history, U.S.-East Asian relations, the Vietnam War, and approaches to international and global history.

His book The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950, published in 2003, was based largely on captured North Korean documents in the U.S. National Archives, and was a step forward for efforts to understand North Korea more at the local level and beyond more conventional Cold War or Korean War-centered approaches.{{Cite journal|last=Dennehy|first=Kristine|date=2003|title=The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950 (review)|journal=Korean Studies|volume=27|issue=1|pages=138–139|doi=10.1353/ks.2005.0005|s2cid=162304773|issn=1529-1529}} He has published articles in peer-reviewed journals on such subjects as Kim Il Sung's Manchurian guerrilla heritage,{{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=Charles|date=1995|title=Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State|journal=Korean Studies|volume=19|pages=1–16|jstor=23719136|doi=10.1353/ks.1995.0017|s2cid=154659765}} the "cultural Cold War" in Korea,{{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=Charles|date=February 2003|title=The Cultural Cold War in Korea, 1945-1950|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|volume= 62| issue = 1|pages=71–99|jstor=3096136|doi=10.2307/3096136}} and assessments of North Korean studies as a whole.{{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=Charles K.|s2cid=162656969|date=May 2011|title=Trends in the Study of North Korea|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=70|issue=2|pages=357–371|doi=10.1017/S0021911811000027|issn=1752-0401}}

He was a visiting professor in 2008 at the Graduate School of International Studies at Seoul National University, has given keynote lectures at major Asian studies conferences,{{Cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/jeas-2016/the-korean-war-and-the-east-asian-peace-by-professor-charles-armstrong-columbia-university.html|title=The Korean War and the East Asian Peace by Professor Charles Armstrong (Columbia University)|website=SOAS University of London|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301192428/https://www.soas.ac.uk/jeas-2016/the-korean-war-and-the-east-asian-peace-by-professor-charles-armstrong-columbia-university.html|url-status=dead}} and is a regular fixture in US media coverage of the Korean peninsula, including documentary film and television.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/them/historical.html|title=Who Are They? – Some Historical Perspective {{!}} Kim's Nuclear Gamble|website=PBS|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906135302/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/them/historical.html|archive-date=September 6, 2017|url-status=live}}Stanford University, Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, [http://ksp.stanford.edu/events/north_korea_in_the_cold_war_international_system/ North Korea in The Cold War International System,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720050109/http://ksp.stanford.edu/events/north_korea_in_the_cold_war_international_system/ |date=July 20, 2011 }} April 10, 2009.

In 2013, Charles Armstrong's book Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992 was published by Cornell University Press. The book sought to reassess North Korean foreign policy in the Cold War. The book received positive reviews, particularly because it appeared to draw from so many foreign archives and materials in multiple languages including Russian, Chinese, German, and Korean. The book was the 2014 winner of the John K. Fairbank Prize, given to the best book in East Asian History by the American Historical Association.{{cite web|url=https://www.historians.org/awards-and-grants/past-recipients/john-k-fairbank-prize-recipients|title=John K. Fairbank Prize Recipients|access-date=September 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406013209/https://www.historians.org/awards-and-grants/past-recipients/john-k-fairbank-prize-recipients|archive-date=April 6, 2019|url-status=live}}

Beginning in September 2016, the book was severely criticized by a number of North Korea scholars (Andrei Lankov, [https://korea-kr.academia.edu/BalazsSzalontai Balázs Szalontai], Brian Myers, [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fyodor-Tertitskiy Fyodor Tertitskiy] and others) for deceptive scholarship.{{cite web|url= https://www.nknews.org/2016/09/ivy-league-professor-accused-of-discrepancies-in-north-korea-book/|title= Ivy League professor accused of discrepancies in North Korea book|last= Hotham|first= Oliver|access-date= September 11, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190324033956/https://www.nknews.org/2016/09/ivy-league-professor-accused-of-discrepancies-in-north-korea-book/|archive-date= March 24, 2019|url-status= live|date= September 30, 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2016/10/tyranny-of-the-weak-the-row-engulfing-north-korean-studies/|title="Tyranny of the Weak": The row engulfing North Korean studies|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|access-date=September 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324033957/https://www.nknews.org/2016/10/tyranny-of-the-weak-the-row-engulfing-north-korean-studies/|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live|date=October 5, 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/09/13/revoking-a-recommendation-b-r-myers/|title=Revoking a Recommendation|last=Myers|first=Brian|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190913185618/http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/09/13/revoking-a-recommendation-b-r-myers/|archive-date=September 13, 2019|date=September 13, 2016|access-date=January 10, 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?num=14242&cataId=nk03600/|title=Speaking truth to power: The biggest scandal in Korean studies should be talked about|last=Tertitskiy|first=Fyodor|date=December 13, 2016 |access-date=September 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162231/https://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?num=14242&cataId=nk03600%2F|archive-date=January 10, 2017|url-status=live}} Szalontai asserted that many parts of the text closely resemble text in Szalontai's Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era and were supported by documents that either did not exist or were completely unrelated to the subject.{{cite web|url=http://koreanstudies.com/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreanstudies.com/2016-September/036571.html|title=Re-revised posting "Revoking a Recommendation"|last=Szalontai|first=Balazs|access-date=October 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005100342/http://koreanstudies.com/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreanstudies.com/2016-September/036571.html|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=dead}} Szalontai compiled a table of 76 problematic cases{{cite web|url= http://sthelepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Tyranny-of-the-Weak_Table-of-76-Cases.pdf|title= A Table of 76 Examples of Source Fabrication, Plagiarism, and Text-Citation Disconnects in Charles K. Armstrong's Tyranny of the Weak (2013)|last= Szalontai|first= Balazs|access-date= September 11, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171207071556/http://sthelepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Tyranny-of-the-Weak_Table-of-76-Cases.pdf|archive-date= December 7, 2017|url-status= live}} and later expanded the table to include 90 of such cases.{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/33741116|title=Invalid Source Citations in Charles K. Armstrong' s Tyranny of the Weak: A Table of 90 Cases|last=Szalontai|first=Balazs|access-date=September 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716111527/http://www.academia.edu/33741116/Invalid_Source_Citations_in_Charles_K._Armstrong_s_Tyranny_of_the_Weak_A_Table_of_90_Cases|archive-date=July 16, 2017|url-status=live}}

Soon after the allegations were made public, Armstrong responded to NK News that he "did not comment on any specific issues critics have raised with the book". On December 30, 2016, Armstrong directly addressed the issues raised by the critics, stating: "For those who find the book flawed, inaccurate or insufficiently researched, the answer is simple: write a better book."{{cite web |url=https://charleskarmstrong.com/2016/12/30/corrections-to-tyranny-of-the-weak/|title=Corrections to Tyranny of the Weak|website=Charles Armstrong's blog|last= Armstrong |first=Charles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107005201/https://charleskarmstrong.com/2016/12/30/corrections-to-tyranny-of-the-weak/|archive-date=January 7, 2017|url-status=dead}} Armstrong stated that he had submitted 52 corrections to Tyranny of the Weak to the publisher Cornell University Press and these would be included in the next printing of the book. The press confirmed this with a single tweet on January 11, 2017, saying "Charles Armstrong responds to critics, issues corrections to Tyranny of the Weak" and linking to Armstrong's blog post.{{Cite tweet |user=cornellpress |author=Cornell University Press |author-link=Cornell University Press |number=819239619409678336 |date=January 11, 2017 |title=Charles Armstrong responds to critics, issues corrections to Tyranny of the Weak https://charleskarmstrong.com/2016/12/30/corrections-to-tyranny-of-the-weak/ … #NorthKorea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913185939/https://twitter.com/cornellpress/status/819239619409678336?lang=en |archive-date=September 13, 2019}} However, Armstrong later deleted the post and his entire blog.{{Cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2018/04/20/after-issuing-dozens-of-corrections-to-high-profile-book-historian-shuts-down-his-blog/|title=After issuing dozens of corrections to high-profile book, historian shuts down his blog|last=McCook|first=Alison|date=April 20, 2018|website=Retraction Watch|access-date=September 13, 2019}}

In June 2017, Armstrong returned the John King Fairbank Prize to the American Historical Association in response to critical queries made by the association. In its press release, the association stated that they had "identified a set of citations that did not meet professional standards" and that "Dr. Armstrong has corrected the citation errors and, out of respect for the AHA, has returned the Fairbank Prize."{{cite web|url=https://www.historians.org/news-and-advocacy/2014-fairbank-prize-returned|title=2014 Fairbank Prize Returned|date=June 29, 2017|website=historians.org|access-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324034059/https://www.historians.org/news-and-advocacy/2014-fairbank-prize-returned|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live}} Columbia University made no statement at this time, but did announce on June 1 that Armstrong had been awarded a 2017 President's Global Innovation Fund Grant for work with Joseph Terwilliger on exchanges with North Korean physicians.{{Cite web|url=http://weai.columbia.edu/charles-k-armstrong-receives-2017-presidential-innovation-fund-grant-from-columbia/|title=Charles K. Armstrong Receives 2017 President's Global Innovation Fund Grant from Columbia|website=weai.columbia.edu|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907150500/http://weai.columbia.edu/charles-k-armstrong-receives-2017-presidential-innovation-fund-grant-from-columbia/|archive-date=September 7, 2019|url-status=live}}

The return of the prize prompted the head of Cornell University Press to state in early July 2017 that the press would imminently issue a revised edition of the book.{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/07/05/history-book-award-returned-amid-questions-about-citation-errors|title=History book award returned amid questions about citation errors|website=www.insidehighered.com|date=July 5, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907150506/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/07/05/history-book-award-returned-amid-questions-about-citation-errors|archive-date=September 7, 2019|url-status=live}} The new edition of the book appeared in the summer of 2017, without any formal announcement from the press. The new text contained few changes to the prose, but did feature changes to dozens of footnotes now citing Szalontai's Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era rather than archival documents. It also included two new sentences from Armstrong in the front matter of the text: "I would like to add a special note of thanks to Dr. Balázs Szalontai, whose pioneering research was insufficiently acknowledged in the prior printing of this book and who pointed out to me numerous attribution errors in chapters 2 and 3. I apologize for my previous oversights and gratefully acknowledge Dr. Szalontai's assistance in correcting these errors."

A short review of the controversy was published in a collective blog Retraction Watch.{{cite web|url=http://retractionwatch.com/2016/10/13/criticism-swirls-around-high-profile-history-book-of-north-korea/|title=Criticism swirls around high-profile history book about North Korea|last=McCook|first=Alison|work=Retraction Watch|access-date=September 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907150500/http://retractionwatch.com/2016/10/13/criticism-swirls-around-high-profile-history-book-of-north-korea/|archive-date=September 7, 2019|url-status=live|date=October 13, 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://retractionwatch.com/2017/01/31/high-profile-book-north-korea-earns-52-corrections/#more-47936|title=High-profile book on North Korea earns 52 corrections|last=McCook|first=Alison|work=Retraction Watch|access-date=September 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723202330/https://retractionwatch.com/2017/01/31/high-profile-book-north-korea-earns-52-corrections/#more-47936|archive-date=July 23, 2019|url-status=live|date=January 31, 2017}} It was also covered by South Korean media,{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2016/10/07/story_n_12382944.html|script-title=ko:미국의 대표적인 북한학자 찰스 암스트롱이 표절 의혹에 휘말렸다|language=Korean|trans-title=Charles Armstrong, a prominent North Korean scholar entangled in suspicions of plagiarism|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=April 12, 2019|date=October 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324034005/https://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2016/10/07/story_n_12382944.html|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2017/01/11/-_n_14075052.html|script-title=ko:암스트롱 콜럼비아대 교수가 자신의 표절 시비에 대해 답했다|language=Korean|trans-title=Columbia University professor Armstrong responded to the plagiarism dispute over his work|work=The Huffington Post|date=January 11, 2017|access-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324034003/https://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2017/01/11/-_n_14075052.html|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live}} Chinese media,{{cite news|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1541392|script-title=zh:被举报的哥大教授回应澎湃新闻：再版时将更正脚注错误|author=Fu Shiye 傅适野|work=The Paper|date=October 11, 2016|access-date=September 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110220935/http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1541392|archive-date=November 10, 2017|url-status=live|language=zh}} and the New York Post.{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/12/columbia-professor-booted-for-plagiarizing-book-on-north-korea/|title=Columbia professor booted for plagiarizing book on North Korea|last=Klein|first=Melissa|date=October 12, 2019|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=December 11, 2019}}

In an extensive interview in December 2019, Szalontai revealed that Armstrong had not worked in any Russian archives at all, and said "some of the East German sources [in Tyranny of the Weak] are fake, some are not fake," and further discussed some of the efforts by Andrei Lankov and other scholars to methodically check Armstrong's suspicious sources.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/category/north-korea-news-podcast/older-podcasts/dprk-history-and-plagiarism-in-korean-studies-nknews-podcast-ep-106/870117|title=DPRK history and plagiarism in Korean Studies – NKNews Podcast Ep.106|website=NK News|language=en-US|access-date=December 11, 2019}}

In February 2020, Armstrong's 2005 article: {{" '}}Fraternal Socialism': The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953–62", published in the journal Cold War History, was retracted for plagiarism from Szalontai's book.{{Cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2020/02/20/disgraced-korea-scholar-formerly-of-columbia-loses-paper-for-plagiarism/|title=Disgraced Korea scholar, formerly of Columbia, loses paper for plagiarism|last=Marcus|first=Adam|date=February 20, 2020|website=Retraction Watch|language=en-US|access-date=February 23, 2020}}

On September 10, 2019, Columbia University released a letter to faculty explaining that it had concluded a multi-part formal investigation of Armstrong's research conduct and determined that he had committed plagiarism. It further announced that Armstrong would retire at the end of 2020. He left the university in June 2020.

According to documents obtained by journalists Khadija Hussein and Karen Xia, Columbia's investigation concluded in January 2019 and its scope extended back to Armstrong's tenure file submitted in 2003.{{Cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2019/09/12/history-professor-charles-armstrong-found-guilty-of-plagiarism-to-retire-in-2020/|title=History professor Charles Armstrong found guilty of plagiarism, to retire in 2020|website=Columbia Daily Spectator|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913035556/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2019/09/12/history-professor-charles-armstrong-found-guilty-of-plagiarism-to-retire-in-2020/|archive-date=September 13, 2019|url-status=live}} That tenure file included draft chapters of what would ultimately become Armstrong's book Tyranny of the Weak. According to Balázs Szalontai, who obtained a copy of the investigation's draft report in 2018,{{Cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/09/award-winning-north-korea-scholar-plagiarized-sources-university-finds/|title=Award-winning North Korea scholar plagiarized sources, university finds|work=NK News|date=September 11, 2019|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913015732/https://www.nknews.org/2019/09/award-winning-north-korea-scholar-plagiarized-sources-university-finds/|archive-date=September 13, 2019|url-status=live}} the investigation found evidence in the tenure file that Armstrong had plagiarized Szalontai's dissertation.{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ceu.hu/node/44934|title=The Failure of De-Stalinization in North Korea, 1953–1964. The DPRK In a Comparative Perspective. {{!}} Central European University|website=archive.ceu.hu|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=February 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224183334/http://archive.ceu.hu/node/44934|url-status=dead}} A partial copy of an earlier draft of Columbia's investigation report was made public by the Retraction Watch website on September 20, 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2019/09/17/columbia-historian-stepping-down-after-plagiarism-finding/|title=Columbia historian stepping down after plagiarism finding|last=|first=|date=September 20, 2019|website=Retraction Watch|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922223232/https://retractionwatch.com/2019/09/17/columbia-historian-stepping-down-after-plagiarism-finding/|archive-date=September 22, 2019|access-date=}}

A female student enrolled in Armstrong's 2014 Global Scholars summer course accused Armstrong of rape in 2020.{{Cite web|date=September 24, 2021|title=Julie Moon's professor faced no consequences for her alleged rape. Now, she is supporting other survivors of sexual assault in their search for justice – Columbia Spectator|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2021/09/24/julie-moons-professor-faced-no-consequences-for-her-alleged-rape-now-she-is-supporting-other-survivors-of-sexual-assault-in-their-search-for-justice/|access-date=December 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924123849/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2021/09/24/julie-moons-professor-faced-no-consequences-for-her-alleged-rape-now-she-is-supporting-other-survivors-of-sexual-assault-in-their-search-for-justice/|archive-date=September 24, 2021}}{{Cite web|title=Incident 8768 {{!}} Academic Sexual Misconduct Database|url=https://academic-sexual-misconduct-database.org/incident/8768|access-date=December 5, 2021|website=academic-sexual-misconduct-database.org}} According to the university's student newspaper Columbia Spectator, Armstrong responded that the sex was consensual. Columbia University's Office of Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action conducted an internal investigation of the accusation and found Armstrong guilty of harassment and of violating the university policy prohibiting relationships between professors and students.

{{dynamic list}}

Monographs

• 2017 — Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992 (first edition "reprinted with corrections") Withdrawn by the publisher, Cornell University Press.{{Cite web |title=Browse Books, Authors, and Articles |url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book-listing/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Cornell University Press |language=en-US}}
• 2013 — Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992
• 2006 — The Koreas (reissued in 2013/14){{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/6338135|title=The Koreas|last=Armstrong|first=Charles K.|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|others=EBSCOhost|isbn=978-1-136-16132-2|edition=Second|location=New York}}
• 2003 — The North Korean Revolution, 1945-1950{{Cite web|url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/|title=Product Details|website=Cornell University Press|language=en-US|access-date=November 25, 2019}}

• 2005 — Korea at the Center: Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia (co-edited with Samuel S. Kim, Stephen Kotkin and Gilbert Rozman)
• 2002 — Korean Society: Civil Society, Democracy, and the State (textbook, reissued in 2006){{Cite web|url=https://www.crcpress.com/Korean-Society-Civil-Society-Democracy-and-the-State/Armstrong-Armstrong/p/book/9780415770583|title=Korean Society: Civil Society, Democracy and the State|website=CRC Press|language=en|access-date=November 25, 2019}}

• 2015 — "Socialist Postmodernism: Conceptual and comparative analysis of recent representative architecture in Pyongyang, Astana and Ashgabat, 1989–2014,"Tiempo devorado: revista de historia actual, Vol.2 (2), pp. 98–118 (article; co-authored with Jelena Prokopljevic){{Cite journal|last1=Prokopljevic|first1=Jelena|last2=Armstrong|first2=Charles K.|date=July 19, 2015|title=Socialist Postmodernism. Conceptual and comparative analysis of recent representative architecture in Pyongyang, Astana and Ashgabat, 1989–2014|url=https://revistes.uab.cat/tdevorado/article/view/v2-n2-jelena|journal=Tiempo Devorado|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=210–231|doi=10.5565/rev/tdevorado.27 |s2cid=143220888 |issn=2385-5452|doi-access=free}}
• "The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950 – 1960," Japan Focus (article){{Cite web|url=https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K.-Armstrong/3460/article.html|title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950 – 1960'1950–1960 {{!}} The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|website=apjjf.org|access-date=November 25, 2019}}
• 2005 — {{" '}}Fraternal Socialism': The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953–61," Cold War History May 2005, Vol.5(2), pp. 161–187 (article; retracted by the journal on February 10, 2020, due to the author's 'fabrication and falsification of sources'){{Cite journal|date=February 10, 2020|title=Statement of Retraction: '"Fraternal Socialism": The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953–62'|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682745.2020.1724643|journal=Cold War History|volume=20|issue=2|pages=253|doi=10.1080/14682745.2020.1724643|issn=1468-2745|doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024}}
• 1998 — {{" '}}A Socialism of Our Style': North Korean Ideology in a Post-Communist Era," in North Korean Foreign Relations in the post-Cold War Era (book chapter; editor: Samuel S. Kim){{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/433813?lookfor=title:(North%20Korean%20foreign%20relations%20in%20the%20post-Cold%20War%20era)&offset=1&max=241289|title=North Korean foreign relations in the post-Cold War era|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-590604-2|editor-last=Kim|editor-first=Samuel S.|location=Hong Kong; New York|editor-last2=Armstrong|editor-first2=Charles K.}}
• 1990 — "South Korea's 'Northern policy'," in Pacific Review, Vol.3(1), pp. 35–45 (article)

• 2011 – {{" '}}Juche' and North Korea's Global Aspirations," North Korea International Documentation Project Working Paper #1{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/juche-and-north-koreas-global-aspirations|title=Juche and North Korea's Global Aspirations|date=July 7, 2011|website=Wilson Center|language=en|access-date=November 25, 2019}}
• 1994 – "The Origins and Future Demise of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea," Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, 11 p. (working paper){{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007987966|title=The origins and future demise of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|last=Armstrong|first=Charles K.|date=1994|publisher=Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University|series=Occasional paper series; no. 5, 1994|location=Ottawa, Ont.}}

• 1994 — State and Social Transformation in North Korea, 1945–1950 (University of Chicago)

• 1991 – 2 Fulbright IIEE Research Grant
• 2000 – Fulbright Senior Scholar Research Grant.
• 2002 – German Academic Exchange Grant, Humboldt University, Berlin
• 2006 – Fellow in Residence, Institute for Scholars at Reid Hall, Paris
• 2008 – Toyota Fellow, Seoul National University
• 2014 – John King Fairbank Prize, American Historical Association (returned)

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Charles K.}}

Category:Living people

Category:American Koreanists

Category:Scholars of North Korea

Category:Yale College alumni

Category:Yonsei University alumni

Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics

Category:University of Chicago alumni

Category:Columbia University faculty

Category:21st-century American historians

Category:21st-century American male writers

Category:1962 births

Category:American male non-fiction writers