Charles Marion Russell

{{Infobox artist

| name = Charles M. Russell

| image = Charles Marion Russell.jpg

| caption = Russell in 1907

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1864|3|19}}

| birth_place = St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age|1926|10|24|1864|3|19}}

| death_place = Great Falls, Montana, U.S.

| nationality = American

| field = Painting, bronze sculpture

| training =

| works =

| patrons =

| influenced by =

}}

Charles Marion Russell (March 19, 1864 – October 24, 1926),Dates and locations taken from Charles M. Russell, pg.1 & 318{{cite book|editor-last=Opitz|editor-first=Glenn B.|title=Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of american Painters, Sculptors & Engravers|year=1987|publisher=Apollo Book|location=Poughkeepsie, NY|isbn=0-938290-04-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/1047 1047]|url=https://archive.org/details/mantlefieldingsd0000fiel/page/1047}} also known as C. M. Russell, Charlie Russell, and "Kid" Russell, was an American artist of the American Old West. He created more than 2,000 paintings of cowboys, Native Americans, and landscapes set in the western United States and in Alberta, Canada, in addition to bronze sculptures. He is known as "the cowboy artist"{{cite DCB |first=Brian W. |last=Dippie |title=Russell, Charles Marion |volume=15 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/russell_charles_marion_15E.html}} and was also a storyteller and author. He became an advocate for Native Americans in the west, supporting the bid by landless Chippewa to have a reservation established for them in Montana. In 1916, Congress passed legislation to create the Rocky Boy Reservation.

The C. M. Russell Museum Complex in Great Falls, Montana houses more than 2,000 Russell artworks, personal objects, and artifacts. Other major collections are held at the Montana Historical Society in Helena, Montana, the Buffalo Bill Center of the West in Cody, Wyoming, the Amon Carter Museum of American Art in Fort Worth, Texas, and the Sid Richardson Museum in Fort Worth. His 1912 mural Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole hangs in the House chambers of the Montana Capitol in Helena,{{cite web |title=Montana Historical Society Museum Collections Online |url=https://mhsmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/E20B4EB1-9FC2-4FDF-9B0F-119049484337 |website=Montana Historical Society Museum Collections Online |access-date=February 13, 2023}} and his 1918 painting Piegans sold for $5.6 million at a 2005 auction.{{cite web | title=2005 auction results | work=Coeur d'Alene Art Auction | url=http://cda.stremmelgallery.com/past/index.html | access-date=July 26, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505011619/http://cda.stremmelgallery.com/past/index.html | archive-date=May 5, 2008 }} In 1955, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.{{cite web |title=Hall of Great Westerners |url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/ |website=National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum |access-date=November 22, 2019}}

Childhood

Art was always a part of Russell's life. Growing up in Missouri, he drew sketches and made clay figures of animals. Russell had an intense interest in the "wild west" and would spend hours reading about it. Russell would watch explorers and fur traders who frequently came through Missouri. He learned to ride horses at Hazel Dell Farm near Jerseyville, Illinois, on a famous Civil War horse named Great Britain. Russell's instructor was Col. William H. Fulkerson, who had married into the Russell family. At the age of sixteen, Russell left school and went to Montana to work on a sheep ranch.{{cite web|title=125 Montana Newsmakers: Charles Marion Russell|url=http://www.greatfallstribune.com/multimedia/125newsmakers6/cmrussell1.html|work=Great Falls Tribune|author=Tribune Staff|access-date=August 28, 2011}}

Montana and the West

File:Charles Marion Russell – Smoke of a .45 – Google Art Project.jpg

Russell left the sheep ranch and found work with Jake Hoover, a hunter and trapper who had become a rancher. He owned land in the Judith Basin of Central Montana. Russell learned much about the ways of the West from him, and the two men remained lifelong friends.{{cite web| last = Paladin| first = Vivian A| title = Facts and Reflections About Charles M. Russell| publisher = Art Montana| url = http://artmt.com/cmr/cmrbio.html| access-date = November 6, 2011}} After a brief visit in 1882 to his family in Missouri, Russell returned to Montana, and lived and worked there for the remainder of his life.

He worked as a cowboy for a number of outfits, and documented the harsh winter of 1886–1887 in a number of watercolors. Russell was working on the O-H Ranch in the Judith Basin at the time. The ranch foreman received a letter from the owner, asking how the cattle herd had weathered the winter. In reply, the foreman sent a postcard-sized watercolor that Russell had painted of a gaunt steer being watched by wolves under a gray winter sky. The ranch owner showed the postcard to friends and business acquaintances, and eventually displayed it in a shop window in Helena, Montana. After this, the artist began to receive commissions for new work. Russell's caption on the sketch, Waiting for a Chinook, became the title of the watercolor. Russell later painted a more detailed version of the scene which became one of his best-known works.

Beginning in 1888, Russell spent a period living with the Blood Indians, a branch of the Blackfeet nation.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWjFHd4ER34C&q=keeoma+story+of&pg=PT14 |title=Osmundson, Linda L. How the West Was Drawn: Cowboy Charlie's Art |date=2011-02-15 |isbn=9781455615155 |access-date=2012-05-05|last1=Osmundson |first1=Linda L. |publisher=Pelican }} Scholars believe that he gained much of his intimate knowledge of Native American culture during this period. When he returned to the Judith Basin in 1889, he found it filling with settlers. He worked in more open places for a couple of years before settling in the area of Great Falls, Montana, in 1892. There he worked to make a living as a full-time artist.

In 1896, Russell married his wife Nancy. He was 32 and she was 18. In 1897, they moved from the small community of Cascade, Montana to the bustling county seat of Great Falls. Russell spent the majority of the remainder of his life there. He continued with his art, becoming a local celebrity and gaining the acclaim of critics worldwide. As Russell was not skilled in marketing his work, Nancy is generally given credit for making him an internationally known artist. She set up many shows for Russell throughout the United States and in London, creating many followers of Russell.

In 1912 he joined cowboy artist Frank Tenney Johnson on a sketching expedition to the Blackfoot Reservation east of Glacier National Park in Montana.{{Cite web|url=https://sidrichardsonmuseum.org/collection/trouble-on-the-pony-express/|title = Trouble on the Pony Express}}

File:When the Land Belonged to God by C.M. Russell.jpg]]

In 1913, Russell painted Wild Horse Hunters, which depicts riders capturing wild horses, each band of which is dominated by a stallion. He used as much color as an artist could on his mountain landscapes.Russell exhibit, Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas As an artist, Russell emerged at a time when the Wild West was of intense interest to people who lived in cities, and cattle drives were still being conducted over long distances. He painted images of the Old West that were later adopted by Westerns, which became a movie staple.

Russell was fond of these popular art forms and made many friends among the well-off collectors of his works, including actors and film makers such as William S. Hart, Harry Carey, Will Rogers, and Douglas Fairbanks. Russell also kept up with fellow artists of the West, including painter Edgar Samuel Paxson, painter Edward "Ed" Borein, illustrator and painter Maynard Dixon and Will Crawford the illustrator.{{cite web |title=Remembering Russell’s West: Friend Dixon |url=https://cmrussell.org/remembering-russells-west-friend-dixon/ |website=C. M. Russell Museum}}

On the day of Russell's funeral in 1926, the children in Great Falls were released from school so they could watch the funeral procession. Russell's coffin was displayed in a glass-sided coach, pulled by four black horses.Taliaferro, John [https://books.google.com/books?id=aAVRnON5nrMC&dq=Charles+M.+Russell&pg=PA264 Charles M. Russell: The Life and Legend of America's Cowboy Artist], University of Oklahoma Press, 2003 p. 264 {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3495-6}}

Russell produced about 4,000 works of art, including oil and watercolor paintings, drawings and sculptures in wax, clay, plaster and other materials, some of which were also cast in bronze.{{cite web|url=http://centerofthewest.org/explore/western-art/research/charles-m-russell/|title=Charles M. Russell – Whitney Western Art Museum – Buffalo Bill Center of the West}}

Depictions of Charles Marion Russell

File:Charles M. Russell.jpg|Portrait by A.O. Gregory

File:MVI 2799 Russell in studio at Amon Carter Museum.jpg|Russell working in his studio in Great Falls, Montana

File:CMR MacKay.jpg|C. M. Russell statue by John Weaver; Identical statues are held in the National Statuary Hall Collection and by the Montana Historical Society.

File:CMR and Friends.jpg|C. M. Russell and his friends. A detail of the picture was used for a Montana U.S. Postage Stamp in 1989.

File:CMR Xmas greeting.jpg|Self-portrait with Christmas greeting, 1914

Tributes

File:Charles M Russell Log Cabin Studio - Great Falls Montana - September 1976.jpg]]

A collection of short stories called Trails Plowed Under{{cite web|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks07/0700941h.html |title=Trails Plowed Under |publisher=Gutenberg.net.au |access-date=2012-03-06}} was published a year after his death.

File:Charles Marion Russell - The Tenderfoot (1900).jpg

In 1960, Charles M. Russell Elementary School was built in Missoula, Montana. In 1965, a high school was built on the north side of the Missouri River in Great Falls, Montana and named Charles M. Russell High School, in honor of Russell. Ian Tyson's 1987 album, Cowboyography, includes a song titled "The Gift" telling the story of Russell. Michael Nesmith, of Monkees fame, recorded a song titled "Laugh Kills Lonesome" which was inspired by, and describes the contents of, a well-known Russell painting of the same name. Native Blackfeet folk singer Jack Gladstone wrote a song dedicated to Russell titled "When the Land Belonged to God." The song describes Russell's painting of the same name.

In 1985, Russell was inducted into the Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame in New York.{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyillustrators.org/programs/hall-fame|title=Homepage|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2020-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416102025/https://www.societyillustrators.org/programs/hall-fame|url-status=dead}} In 1991, Russell was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.{{cite web|url=http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement|title=St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees|last=St. Louis Walk of Fame|publisher=stlouiswalkoffame.org|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031162946/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement|archive-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead}}

File:Russell Meat for Wild Men Amon Carter Museum.jpg

Some of Russell's paintings were shown during the credits of the ABC television series How the West Was Won, starring James Arness. James McDowell Sr. of Tulsa, Oklahoma donated 24 volumes of his illustrations to the Western History Collections at the University of Oklahoma in 1997.Russell Artwork Donated to OU (January 17, 1997), Tulsa World (Oklahoma), page D3.

Russell was inducted into the inaugural class of the Montana Outdoor Hall of Fame in 2014.{{cite web|url=http://missoulian.com/lifestyles/recreation/montana-outdoor-hall-of-fame-inducts-inaugural-class/article_ca3d81a3-c77c-5501-8a30-9c114bd4b34e.html|title=Montana Outdoor Hall of Fame inducts inaugural class|date=3 December 2014 }} He is honored at the Stockmen's Memorial in Cochrane, Alberta, Canada.{{Cite web|url=http://www.smflibrary.ca/r.html|title=Stockmen's Memorial Foundation Library and Archives - Subject Headings - R|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061749/http://www.smflibrary.ca/r.html|url-status=dead}}

The Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge is named for Russell, a World War II Liberty Ship, SS Charles M. Russell, was named in his honor and launched in 1943 in Portland, Oregon.

The Bull Head Lodge and Studio, located off Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park, was Russell's summer home, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Auction

File:Russell The Buffalo Hunt No 26 1899.jpg, Fort Worth]]

Russell's Piegans sold in 2005 for $5.6 million, more than double the highest price his work had sold for a few years earlier.Griffith, Martin. "Bierstadt, Russell Paintings Fetch Millions at Reno Auction." Great Falls Tribune. July 26, 2011. At auction in 2008, Russell's oil painting The Hold Up (20 Miles to Deadwood) sold for $5.2 million, and his bronze sculpture Buffalo Hunt (which depicted two Native Americans attacking a running bison) sold for $4.1 million. In July 2009, Russell's 1907 watercolor and gouache The Truce went for $2.03 million to an anonymous phone bidder."[http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/32811/in-brief-couer-dalene/ In Brief: Couer D'Alene]."Art+Auction, October 2009. Russell's 1911 {{convert|18|in}} by {{convert|13|in}} bronze sculpture, Bronc Twister, auctioned in 2008 for $805,000—far above the $300,000 pre-auction estimate.[http://antiquesandthearts.com/Antiques/AuctionWatch/2008-09-23__13-35-54.html "Russell Bronze 'Bronc Twister' Top Hand At Richard Opfer's." Antiques and Arts Online. September 23, 2008.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324093949/http://antiquesandthearts.com/Antiques/AuctionWatch/2008-09-23__13-35-54.html |date=March 24, 2012 }} Accessed 2010-05-19.

In July 2011, the price of Russell's work soared again. His 1892 oil painting Water for Camp (depicting Native American women dipping pots into a stream) and his 1924 watercolor A Dangerous Sport (in which two cowboys lasso a mountain lion) sold for nearly $1.5 million each.

A collection of 30 pieces of Russell's art were sold for several million dollars at the Coeur d'Alene Art Auction (held in Reno, Nevada) in July 2014, setting new records for many pieces. Russell's Trail of the Iron Horse watercolor (depicting a group of horseback Native Americans contemplating railroad track) sold for $1.9 million, while Dakota Chief (which depicts a young Lakota chieftain on horseback) was auctioned for $1.1 million (almost double the last price it commanded). Even small pencil sketches sold for $25,000.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/charles-m-russells-artwork-sells-for-millions-at-reno-auction/2014/07/31/76a1a67a-1684-11e4-9e3b-7f2f110c6265_story.html|last=Griffith|first=Martin|title=Charles M. Russell's Artwork Sells for Millions at Reno Auction|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 2, 2014|access-date=August 3, 2014}}

Notable works

File:Charles Marion Russell - Buccaroos (1902).jpg

File:The Bucker.jpg, Fort Worth, Texas]]

Russell's works comprised a wide variety of topics, including major historical events and everyday life in the west. His work was noted for the frequency with which he portrayed well-known events from the point of view of Native American people instead of the non-Native viewpoint. He was noted for a keen eye on the social undercurrents of society and the meticulous authenticity with which he portrayed the clothing and equipment of both cowboys and Native people.

Historians studying women's roles in the West have critiqued Russell's portrayal of women. They note the contrasting levels of sensuality in his depictions of white and native women, as he seemed to transfer sexuality from white to Native women, so as to conform to the moral standards and perceptions of women in his time. Most of Russell's portrayals of white women are shown as "pure" and non-sexual, other than those paintings specifically depicting prostitutes. In contrast, his series of five Keeoma paintings and related images show a sensual native woman. They are documented by the statement that Keeoma was a real woman whom Russell had loved. Photographs exist that show the body model for these images was Russell's wife, Nancy. {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womenswest00armi |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/womenswest00armi/page/26 26] |quote=keeoma story of. |author=Susan Armitage |title= The Women's West |year=1987 |via=Internet Archive |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=9780806120430 |access-date=2012-05-05}}

= Cowboy life =

File:LaughKillsLonesome.jpg|Laugh Kills Lonesome, oil on canvas, 1925. Along with Bronc to Breakfast and In Without Knocking, arguably the most famous of Russell's "cowboy" paintings.

File:Bronc Breakfast web.jpg|Bronc to Breakfast, oil, 1908

File:Charles_Marion_Russell_–_In_Without_Knocking_–_Google_Art_Project.jpg|In Without Knocking 1909

File:Russell Loops and Swift Horses are Surer than Lead 1916.jpg|Loops and Swift Horses are Surer than Lead, 1916

File:HerdQuit.jpg|The Herd Quitter

File:Roundup2CMR.jpg|Roundup #2, oil 1913

File:Cowpunching Sometimes Spells Trouble.jpg|Cowpunching Sometimes Spells Trouble, 1889, Oil on canvas, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas {{Cite web |url=https://www.sidrichardsonmuseum.org/ |title=Home - Sid Richardson Museum - Fort Worth, Texas |access-date=2016-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512215956/https://sidrichardsonmuseum.org/ |url-status=dead }}

File:When Cowboys Get in Trouble (The Mad Cow).jpg|When Cowboys Get in Trouble (The Mad Cow), 1899, Oil on canvas, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

= Native Americans =

File:Russell charles marion-the cryer.jpg|The Cryer, bronze sculpture

File:Charles Marion Russell - Cree Indian.jpg|Cree Indian

File:CM Russell The Scouts.jpeg|The Scouts

File:CM_Russell_When_Blackfoot_And_Sioux_Meet.jpeg|When Blackfoot and Sioux Meet

File:Charles Marion Russell - Buffalo Hunt.jpg|Buffalo Hunt

File:The Marriage Ceremony (Indian Love Call).jpg|The Marriage Ceremony (Indian Love Call), 1894, Oil on cardboard, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

File:Bringing Up the Trail.jpg|Bringing Up the Trail, 1895, Oil on canvas, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

File:Maney Snows Have Fallen...(Letter from Ah-Wa-Cous (Charles Russell) to Short Bull).jpg|Maney Snows Have Fallen...(Letter from Ah-Wa-Cous (Charles Russell) to Short Bull), ca.1909 - 1910, Watercolor, pen & ink on paper, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

= Women =

File:Charles M. Russell, Water for Camp.jpg|Water for Camp, depicting the everyday life of Native American women

File:Keeoma3.jpg|Keeoma #3, one of five "Keeoma" paintings of sensual Native women (body model was his wife Nancy)

File:Charles Marion Russell - Waiting and Mad.jpg|Waiting and Mad, not an official "Keeoma" painting, but sometimes considered part of the series

File:Lolly, by Charles Marion Russell.jpg|Lolly, showing a young Victorian woman

File:Russellrodeocowgirlonabuckinghorse.gif|Rodeo cowgirl

= Other =

File:Camp Cook's Troubles by Charles Marion Russell.jpg|Camp Cook's Troubles

File:Blackfeet Burning Crow Buffalo Range.jpg|Burning Crow Buffalo Range

File:Utica (A Quiet day in Utica).jpg|Utica (A Quiet day in Utica), 1907https://www.sidrichardsonmuseum.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512215956/https://sidrichardsonmuseum.org/ |date=2021-05-12 }}, Utica, oil on canvas, Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

File:Deer in Forest (White Tailed Deer).jpg|Deer in Forest (White Tailed Deer), 1917, Oil on canvasboard

File:Chinook2.gif|Waiting for a Chinook, also known as Last of the 5000. One of several depictions of the winter of 1886–87

File:Flying hoofs - Charles M Russell (1894).jpg|Flying hoofs, 1894

File:To The Victor Belongs The Spoils by Charles Marion Russell.jpg|To The Victor Belongs The Spoils

= Historical events =

File:Indians DiscoveringLC.jpg|The Indians discovering Lewis and Clark. Russell depicted various stages of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in a number of works.

File:Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg|Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia.

File:Charles Marion Russell - The Custer Fight (1903).jpg|The Custer Fight (lithograph, 1903). Depicts the Battle of the Little Bighorn from the point of view of the Native American combatants.

References

External links

[https://www.cartermuseum.org/artists/charles-m-russell Charles M. Russell] at the Amon Carter Museum of American Art
[http://www.cmrussell.org Official Museum site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813231429/http://www.cmrussell.org/ |date=2008-08-13 }}
[http://www.sidrichardsonmuseum.org Sid Richardson Museum]; includes [https://www.sidrichardsonmuseum.org/gallery.php/art/russell biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717013156/https://www.sidrichardsonmuseum.org/gallery.php/art/russell |date=2019-07-17 }}
[http://www.charlesmarionrussell.org/ charlesmarionrussell.org] 164 works by Charles Marion Russell
[http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=424 Gallery at MuseumSyndicate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118142651/http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=424 |date=2021-11-18 }}
[http://www.encore-editions.com/horses/westernamericana2.htm Larger images]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200934/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/charles-russell.html St. Louis Walk of Fame]
{{Gutenberg author |id=3000| name=Charles Marion Russell}}
{{FadedPage|id=Russell, Charles Marion|name=Charles Marion Russell|author=yes}}
{{Internet Archive author |sname=Charles Marion Russell |sopt=t}}
[https://archive.org/stream/nationalmagazine22brayrich#page/259/mode/1up Charles M. Russell, Cowboy Artist], by Wallace D. Coburn, National Magazine, June, 1905 (with photos)
[https://web.archive.org/web/20071029174455/http://www.greatriverroad.com/vicfest.htm Col. William H. Fulkerson Mansion and festival site around Russell's extended family mansion.]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204070834/http://store.worldbronzes.com/statues.html Charles M. Russell Statues]
[http://mhs.mt.gov/museum/permex.asp Montana Historical Society Mackay Gallery of Russell Art]