Charles Martel-class ironclad

File:French ironclad Marceau NH 75908.jpg

After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the French Navy embarked on a construction program to strengthen the fleet in 1872 and to replace older vessels that had been built in the 1860s. By the early 1870s, the Italian {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} (Royal Navy) had begun its own expansion program under the direction of Benedetto Brin, which included the construction of several very large ironclad warships of the {{sclass|Duilio|ironclad|5}} and {{sclass|Italia|ironclad|4}}es, armed with {{cvt|450|mm|1}} 100-ton guns. The French initially viewed the ships as not worthy of concern, but by 1877, public pressure over the new Italian vessels prompted the Navy's {{lang|fr|Conseil des Travaux}} (Board of Construction) to respond, beginning with the barbette ship {{ship|French ironclad|Amiral Duperré||2}} and following with six vessels carrying 100-ton guns of French design. The first of these were the two {{sclass|Amiral Baudin|ironclad|1}}s, which carried their guns in open barbettes, all on the centerline, with one forward and two aft.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=92–96}}

By the early 1880s, the very large guns had fallen out of favor in the French Navy, so the remaining four ships, to be laid down beginning in 1880, were redesigned with smaller but equally powerful weapons. These became the {{sclass|Marceau|ironclad|4}}, which was to have comprised four ships but ultimately included only three. The first vessel that was laid down, {{ship|French ironclad|Hoche||2}}, had to be reworked after it was realized that the ship was too small for the intended displacement. The remaining three ships, which had not yet been laid down, could be enlarged to the necessary dimensions. All four ships arranged their main battery in a lozenge pattern with one forward, one aft, and a wing mount on either side amidships to maximize end-on fire (which was emphasized by those who favored ramming attacks).{{sfn|Ropp|pp=99–101}}

At the same time, developments with quick-firing guns rendered the generation of French capital ships designed in the 1870s and early 1880s dangerously vulnerable to damage above the waterline. These ships used shallow waterline belt armor to protect their sides, but most of their hulls were unprotected by armor altogether. Many navies began to incorporate thin side protection above the belt to deal with the threat. Further complicating matters were the developments of self-propelled torpedoes and small, fast torpedo boats that posed an existential threat to the battleship-dominated fleets of the European navies.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=138–139, 221–222}}

The fleet program of 1880 projected a total of six new ironclad battleships; the first four were to be the three Marceaus and Hoche. The remaining pair of vessels was due to begin construction in 1882. An initial plan by the naval engineer Louis de Bussy proposed a ship modeled on the British ironclad {{HMS|Inflexible|1876|6}}, carrying a main battery of four {{cvt|340|mm|1}} guns in a pair of gun turrets arranged en echelon amidships. Before work on the vessels began, the French naval command reconsidered and opted for an improved Marceau, and a new design was prepared by Charles Ernest Huin, who had designed the Marceaus and Hoche. The new design repeated the lozenge arrangement of the main battery in single mounts.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=18}}

The exact timeline for the design and construction of the ships are unclear. According to the historians John Jordan and Philip Caresse, Huin's design was approved in January 1885 and work on the two ships, Charles Martel and Brennus, began that year in Toulon and Lorient, respectively. They credit Admiral Théophile Aube, who became the French Minister of Marine in January 1886, as immediately suspending work on the new ships upon becoming the naval minister. Aube was a proponent of the {{lang|fr|Jeune École}} (Young School), which held that cheap torpedo boats could effectively replace the capital ships that had been the primary component of naval power.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=18}}

But according to naval historian Theodore Ropp, the decision to cancel the vessels had been made in late 1884, during the tenure of Admiral Alexandre Peyron; while he was not a partisan of the {{lang|fr|Jeune École}}, he was also not convinced that further battleship construction was warranted during a period of technological uncertainty. He remained committed to completing the Marceau class and Hoche, as they were already well advanced in construction, but was unwilling to authorize construction of any new vessels.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=138–139}} This is corroborated by the 1887 edition of the contemporary journal The Naval Annual, which reported that the decision was made to suspend the vessels on 24 October 1884. But Thomas Brassey noted that the ships had been ordered in 1882 and that at least some work on the keel for Brennus had already been completed by October 1884, though Charles Martel had not yet been laid down.{{sfn|Brassey 1888|pp=650, 662–663}}

File:French battleship Brennus NH 82700.jpg

In 1887, Aube left the ministry and his replacement, Édouard Barbey, disagreed with his predecessor over the future composition of the French fleet. Huin suggested reworking the design for Brennus, which Barbey accepted, resulting in France's first pre-dreadnought battleship, {{ship|French battleship|Brennus||2}}. There is some confusion as to the ship's fate. Jordan and Caresse seem to indicate that the two vessels were one and the same, stating that "work on the partially built Brennus resumed in 1889."{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|pp=18–20}} But in another publication, Caresse provides a new keel-laying date for Brennus on 2 January 1889,{{sfn|Caresse|p=32}} and Brassey indicates the two were different vessels.{{efn|Brassey quotes a French report that states, "Had these plans [for the original Brennus] been adopted, we should have had a vessel no longer equal to the requirements that have arisen since she was first designed. However regrettable the loss of some thousands of pounds may be, the minister determined to call upon the constructors for a vessel answering in every respect the latest requirements.{{sfn|Brassey 1888|p=663}}}} Speaking of Charles Martel, the historian Luc Feron states more plainly, instructing readers to "[not] confuse this one with the 12,000-ton battleship of the 1890 program which was actually built."{{sfn|Feron|p=71}} Charles Martel was scrapped in Toulon and some of her components were reused in other projects. Her name was reused in the later battleship {{ship|French battleship|Charles Martel||2}}, also designed by Huin.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=20}}

The two Charles Martel-class ships were to have been {{cvt|344|ft|6|in|order=flip|0}} long at the waterline, with a beam of {{cvt|64|ft|order=flip|1}}. Charles Martel was to displace {{cvt|10650|LT|t|lk=on}}, while Brennus was to have been slightly lighter, at {{cvt|10600|LT|t}}; both vessels' draft was to have been {{cvt|29|ft|6|in|order=flip}}. They were steel-hulled vessels. Their propulsion system was to have consisted of three marine steam engines of unrecorded type, each driving a screw propeller. Their engines were rated to produce a top speed of {{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} from {{convert|5500|ihp|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Brassey 1886|p=224}}

The ships' primary armament was to have consisted of four 340 mm guns carried in individual mounts in the French lozenge arrangement.{{sfn|Brassey 1886|p=224}} The guns fired {{cvt|350|kg}} high-explosive shells filled with melinite with a muzzle velocity of {{cvt|555|m/s}}.{{sfn|Friedman|pp=206–207}} These would have been supported by a secondary battery of eight {{cvt|140|mm}} guns in individual casemate mounts. Close-range defense against torpedo boats would have been provided by seven light auto-cannon of unrecorded type. The ships would have been protected with compound armor; their belt was to have been {{cvt|17.25|in|order=flip|-1}}, but unlike previous French ironclads, it did not cover the entire length of the hull. An identical thickness covered their main battery barbettes.{{sfn|Brassey 1886|p=224}}{{sfn|Campbell|p=283}}

{{notelist

| notes =

}}

{{reflist|20em}}

• {{cite journal

|editor-last=Brassey

|editor-first=Thomas

|editor-link=Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey

|title=Foreign Ships—Arranged Nationally and Alphabetically

|journal=The Naval Annual 1886

|year=1886

|location=Portsmouth

|publisher=J. Griffin & Co.

|pages=205–288

|oclc=496786828

|ref={{sfnRef|Brassey 1886}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|editor-last=Brassey

|editor-first=Thomas

|title=Appendix: French Navy Estimates

|journal=The Naval Annual 1887

|year=1888

|location=Portsmouth

|publisher=J. Griffin & Co.

|pages=637–692

|oclc=496786828

|ref={{sfnRef|Brassey 1888}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Campbell

| first = N. J. M.

| chapter = France

| pages = 283–333

| editor1-last = Gardiner

| editor1-first = Robert

| year = 1979

| title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905

| publisher = Conway Maritime Press

| location = London

| isbn = 978-0-85177-133-5

| ref = {{sfnRef|Campbell}}

| url-access = registration

| url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Caresse

|first1=Philippe

|title=Warship 2019

|date=2019

|publisher=Osprey Publishing

|location=Oxford

|isbn=978-1-4728-3595-6

|pages=29–46

|editor1-last=Jordan

|editor1-first=John

|chapter=The French Battleship Brennus

|ref={{sfnRef|Caresse}}

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Feron

|first=Luc

|year=1985

|title=French Battleship Marceau

|journal=Warship International

|publisher=International Naval Research Organization

|location=Toledo

|volume=XXII

|issue=1

|pages=68–78

|issn=0043-0374

|ref={{sfnRef|Feron}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Friedman

| first = Norman

| authorlink=Norman Friedman

| year = 2011

| title = Naval Weapons of World War One

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| location = Annapolis

| isbn = 978-1-84832-100-7

| ref ={{sfnRef|Friedman}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Jordan

|first1=John

|last2=Caresse

|first2=Philippe

|title=French Battleships of World War One

|date=2017

|publisher=Naval Institute Press

|location=Annapolis

|isbn=978-1-59114-639-1

|name-list-style=amp

|ref={{sfnRef|Jordan & Caresse}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Roberts

|first=Stephen

|title=French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914

|year=2021

|location=Barnsley

|publisher=Seaforth

|isbn=978-1-5267-4533-0

|ref={{sfnref|Roberts}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Ropp|authorlink=Theodore Ropp

| first = Theodore

| title = The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904

| editor-last = Roberts

| editor-first = Stephen S.

| year = 1987

| location = Annapolis

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| isbn = 978-0-87021-141-6

|ref={{sfnRef|Ropp}}

}}

{{French ironclads}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles Martel}}

Category:Ironclad classes

Category:Ironclad warships of the French Navy

Category:Ship classes of the French Navy