Chasmanthium latifolium
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Chasmanthium latifolium Boyle Park.jpg
|image_caption =
|status = G5
|status_system = TNC
|genus = Chasmanthium
|species = latifolium
|authority = (Michx.) Yates
}}
Chasmanthium latifolium, known as fish-on-a-fishing-pole, northern wood-oats, inland sea oats, northern sea oats, and river oats is a species of grass native to the central and eastern United States, Manitoba, and northeastern Mexico; it grows as far north as Pennsylvania and Michigan,{{Cite web |title=Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/?name_id=404466 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}} where it is a threatened species.{{cite web |title=Chasmanthium latifolium (Indian Woodoats) |work=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |url=http://data.gbif.org/species/13753995 |access-date=2010-07-08}} The species was previously classified as Uniola latifolia (André Michaux).
Description
Chasmanthium latifolium is a cool-season, rhizomatous, perennial grass with culms about 1 m [3 feet] tall.{{Cite journal|last=Navarrete-Tindall|first=Nadia|date=Summer 2010|title=Native Cool-Season Grasses in Missouri|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z2tzpePqiydTgEmabGHYaKIOKLp7XrRW/view|journal=Missouri Prairie Journal|volume=31|issue=2|pages=20–25}} The inflorescence is an open, nodding panicle of laterally compressed (flattened) spikelets. The plant typically grows in wooded areas and riparian zones.{{cite web |title=PLANTS Profile for Chasmanthium latifolium (Indian woodoats) |url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CHLA5 |work=PLANTS database |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-07-08}}
Distribution
Chasmanthium latifolium is native to the lower forty-eight states.{{Cite web |title=USDA Plants Database |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CHLA5 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=plants.usda.gov}}
In the arid west Chasmanthium latifolium is equally likely to be found in wetlands and non-wetland areas. In the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Chasmanthium latifolium is equally likely to be found in wetlands and non-wetland areas. In the Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast Chasmanthium latifolium is equally likely to be found in wetlands and non-wetland areas. In the Eastern Mountains and Piedmont Chasmanthium latifolium usually occurs in non-wetlands. In the Great Plains Chasmanthium latifolium usually occurs in non-wetlands. In the Midwest Chasmanthium latifolium usually occurs in wetlands. In the Northcentral and Northeast Chasmanthium latifolium usually occurs in wetlands. {{Cite web |title=USDA Plants Database |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CHLA5 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=plants.usda.gov}}
In Mississippi Chasmanthium latifolium is a common species found in the river bank community, which is found between the start of the water and the high water mark. Here the substrate is frequently disturbed and is made of sand, acidic soils, and rocky outcrops. Majure, Lucas C. “THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE CHUNKY RIVER (MISSISSIPPI).” Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, pp. 1179–202. JSTOR,
Ecology
Chasmanthium latifolium is wind-pollinated like most of the Poaceae family. Limited pollination range has significantly reduced gene transfer along the range edge, thus lowering genetic diversity. This low genetic diversity and lack of gene transfer between populations of Chasmanthium latifolium along the range edge makes Chasmanthium latifolium more susceptible to climate change and disease.Hayes, Jonathan D., "Genetic Diversity & Connectivity of Chasmanthium latifolium (Poaceae) in Pennsylvania & the Effect on Conservation Status of a Rare Species" (2021). Honors Theses. 577.
The optimal growing temperature for Chasmanthium latifolium is 25 C. At 13 C Chasmanthium latifolium can no longer grow.Harvey, Michael P., and Mark H. Brand. "Growth and macronutrient accumulation of Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates and Hakonechloa macra makino'Aureola'in response to temperature." HortScience 37.5 (2002): 765-767.
Chasmanthium latifolium is a salt-tolerant species. The shoot growth of Chasmanthium latifolium is not affected by salinity levels up to an electrical conductivity of 10.0 dS/m. Root growth increased at salinity levels of electrical conductivity of 5.0 dS/m and greater. {{Cite journal |last=McKenney |first=C.B. |last2=Mahato |first2=T.R. |last3=Schuch |first3=U.K. |date=March 2016 |title=Salinity tolerance of ornamental grasses adapted to semi-arid environments |url=https://www.actahort.org/books/1112/1112_13.htm |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=1112 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1112.13 |issn=0567-7572|url-access=subscription }}
Chasmanthium latifolium is a shade-tolerant plantNorcini, Jeffrey G., Mack Thetford, and James H. Aldrich. "Evaluation of grasses native to Florida under low input conditions." Southern Nursery Assn. Res. Conf. Proc. 46. 2001.Wilson, Carl Richard, and S. Brown. Ornamental grasses. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, 1999.{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=James T. |last2=Cole |first2=Janet C. |date=2000-03-01 |title=Ornamental Grass Growth Response to Three Shade Intensities |url=http://meridian.allenpress.com/jeh/article/18/1/18/79706/Ornamental-Grass-Growth-Response-to-Three-Shade |journal=Journal of Environmental Horticulture |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |doi=10.24266/0738-2898-18.1.18 |issn=0738-2898|url-access=subscription }} and maintains a positive carbon uptake in dense canopies. Chasmanthium latifolium continues carbon fixation at levels 10 times lower than other C4 grasses and light levels 80% less than their saturation point. {{Cite journal |last=Van Auken |first=O.W. |date=2022-01-01 |title=PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF INDIAN WOODOATS IN CENTRAL TEXAS WOODLANDS |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/tjs/article/74/1/Article%201/480147/PHOTOSYNTHESIS-OF-INDIAN-WOODOATS-IN-CENTRAL-TEXAS |journal=The Texas Journal of Science |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |doi=10.32011/txjsci_74_1_Article1 |issn=0040-4403|url-access=subscription }}
It is a larval host plant for the Northern Pearly-Eye, and its seeds are food for birds and mammals. It is also eaten by the caterpillars of the pepper and salt skipper, Bell's roadside skipper,Bess, James, and O. T. I. S. Enterprises. "Conservation Assessment for Bell's Roadside Skipper (Amblyscirtes belli Freeman)" (2005). and bronzed roadside skipper butterflies.
Chasmanthium latifolium is a fire-adapted grass best adapted to a low frequency of fire. Chasmanthium latifolium increases in abundance after one fire but decreases in abundance with repeated burning. Alice Long Heikens, et al. “Short-Term Response of Chert and Shale Barrens Vegetation to Fire in Southwestern Illinois.” Castanea, vol. 59, no. 3, 1994, pp. 274–85. JSTOR,
Gardens
It is used in landscaping in North America, where it is noted as a native grass that thrives in partial shade; the plant is recommended for USDA hardiness zones 3–9 in acidic sands, loams, and clays.{{cite web |title=Northern Sea Oats - Ornamental Grasses - University of Illinois Extension |publisher=University of Illinois |url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/grasses/northern_sea_oats.cfm}}{{cite web |title=NPIN: Chasmanthium latifolium (inland sea oats) |url=http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=chla5 |work=Native Plant Information Network |publisher=University of Texas |access-date=2010-07-08 }}Chasmanthium latifolium blooms in the late summer to early fall between the months of August and September.{{Cite web |title=Chasmanthium latifolium - Plant Finder |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a240#:~:text=This%20grass%20was%20once%20known,Specific%20epithet%20means%20broad-leaved. |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}} Chasmanthium latifolium is recommended southeastern rain gardens where intermittent flooding may be present.Morash, Jennifer Dawn. Flooding tolerance of six native landscape plants for use in southeastern rain gardens. MS thesis. Auburn University, 2016. Chasmanthium latifolium can be slow to emerge and take at least one year to establish. Once established, C. latifolium can have a dry matter yield of up to 6,019 pounds per acre.Brakie, Melinda. "Adaptation of Perennial Native Cool Season Grasses in East Texas."
Etymology
The genus name, Chasmanthium, has Greek origins and can be broken down into two parts. Chasme means "gaping" and anthemum means flower.{{Cite web |title=Chasmanthium latifolium - Plant Finder |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a240#:~:text=This%20grass%20was%20once%20known,Specific%20epithet%20means%20broad-leaved. |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}} The specific epithet can be translated to "broad-leaved"
Threats
Chasmanthium latifolium is negatively impacted by invasive species like Lespedeza cuneata. Chasmanthium latifolium is at risk due to overuse of herbicides like glyphosate.Matthew S. Hodges and Carol Goodwillie "Investigating the Role of Soil Legacy Effects in the Management of Lespedeza cuneata, an Invasive Legume," Natural Areas Journal 43(2), 124-134, (19 April 2023).
Uses
Chasmanthium latifolium has historically been used by the Cocopah Nation as a food source. The Cocopah Nation would harvest, dry, and grind the seed heads and then mix them with water to make a rudimentary dough.Schnelle, Michael A. "Selective native plants of Oklahoma and nearby states that can be a nuisance to occasionally invasive." HortTechnology 31.4 (2021): 343-353.
Chasmanthium latifolium is used on green roofs in Korea. Chasmanthium latifolium best performs on flat roofs.{{Cite journal |last=장 |first=하경 |last2=한 |first2=승원 |last3=김 |first3=재순 |last4=정 |first4=명일 |date=February 2014 |title=Characteristics of Coverage Ratio and Surface Temperature of Plants Planting on the Sloped Artificial Ground |url=https://jppe.ppe.or.kr/journal/view.php?doi=10.11628/ksppe.2014.17.1.029 |journal=Journal of Korean Society for People, Plants and Environment |language=English |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.11628/ksppe.2014.17.1.029 |issn=1226-9778|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}
Chasmanthium latifolium is planted as a perennial cool-season grass on old logging trails and landings to prevent erosion and provide wildlife habitat. Brakie, Melinda. "Adaptation of Perennial Native Cool Season Grasses in East Texas."
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CHLA5 USDA Plant Profile Chasmanthium latifolium]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5087377}}
Category:Grasses of the United States
Category:Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Category:Flora of the Eastern United States
Category:Flora of the United States
Category:Flora of the South-Central United States
Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States
Category:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Category:Plants described in 1803
Category:Taxa named by André Michaux
Category:Garden plants of North America