Chess piece

{{table chess pieces}}

Each player begins with sixteen pieces (but see the subsection below for other usage of the term piece). The pieces that belong to each player are distinguished by color: the lighter colored pieces are referred to as "white" and the player that controls them as "White", whereas the darker colored pieces are referred to as "black" and the player that controls them as "Black".

In a standard game, each of the two players begins with the following sixteen pieces:

• 1 king
• 1 queen
• 2 rooks
• 2 bishops
• 2 knights
• 8 pawns

{{anchor|Usage}}

The word "piece" has three meanings, depending on the context.{{harvcol|Burgess|2009|p=523}}{{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=307}}

1. It may mean any of the physical pieces of the set, including the pawns, but not including the chessboard. When used this way, "piece" is synonymous with "chessman" or simply "man".{{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=307}}{{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=200}} This usage can be seen in chess rule books, such as the FIDE Laws of Chess{{cite web |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023 |title=Fide Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 |access-date=2025-04-14 |publisher=FIDE |df=dmy-all |archive-date=2023-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101083033/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023 |url-status=live }} and the US Chess Federation’s Official Rules of Chess.{{cite book |last1=Just |first1=Tim |title=US Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess |date=1 January 2024 |isbn=9781797716909 |edition=7th |url=https://new.uschess.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/us-chess-rule-book-online-11-28-24.pdf |access-date=14 April 2025}}
2. In play, the term is usually used to exclude pawns, referring only to a queen, rook, bishop, knight, or king. In this context, the pieces can be broken down into three groups: major pieces (queen and rooks), minor pieces (bishops and knights), and the king.{{harvcol|Brace|1977|p=220}}
3. In phrases such as "winning a piece", "losing a piece" or "sacrificing a piece" and other related contexts, it refers only to minor pieces (bishops or knights). By convention, the queen, rooks, and pawns are specified by name in these cases – for example, "winning a queen", "losing a rook", or "sacrificing a pawn".{{harvcol|Just|Burg|2003|p=5}}

{{Main|Rules of chess}}

{{Chess diagram

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|Chess starting position. Squares are referenced using algebraic notation.}}

The rules of chess prescribe the moves each type of chess piece can make. During play, the players take turns moving their own chess pieces.

• The rook may move any number of squares vertically or horizontally without jumping. It also takes part, along with the king, in castling.
• The bishop may move any number of squares diagonally without jumping. Consequently, a bishop stays on squares of the same color throughout the game.
• The queen may move any number of squares vertically, horizontally, or diagonally without jumping.
• The king may move to any adjoining square. No move may be made such that the king is placed or left in check. The king may participate in castling, which is a move consisting of the king moving two squares toward a same-colored rook on the same rank and the rook moving to the square crossed by the king. Castling may only be performed if the king and rook involved are unmoved, if the king is not in check, if the king would not travel through or into check, and if there are no pieces between the rook and the king.
• The knight moves from one corner of any two-by-three rectangle to the opposite corner. (This can be thought of as moving two squares horizontally then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two squares vertically—i.e. in an "L" pattern.) Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves. It is not obstructed by other pieces.
• The pawn may move forward one square, and one or two squares when on its starting square, toward the opponent's side of the board. When there is an enemy piece one square diagonally ahead of a pawn, then the pawn may capture that piece. A pawn can perform a special type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant ("in passing"), wherein it captures a horizontally adjacent enemy pawn that has just advanced two squares as if that pawn had only advanced one square. If the pawn reaches a square on the {{chessgloss|back rank}} of the opponent, it promotes to the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color.{{harvcol|Just|Burg|2003|pp=13–16}}

Pieces other than pawns capture in the same way that they move. A capturing piece replaces the opponent piece on its square, except for an en passant capture by a pawn. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game. A square may hold only one piece at any given time. Except for castling and the knight's move, no piece may jump over another piece.{{harvcol|Just|Burg|2003|pp=13–16}}

{{Main|Chess piece relative value}}

The value assigned to a piece attempts to represent the potential strength of the piece in the game. As the game develops, the relative values of the pieces will also change. For example, in an {{chessgloss|open game}}, bishops are relatively more valuable; they can be positioned to control long, open diagonal spaces. In a {{chessgloss|closed game}} with lines of protected pawns blocking bishops, knights usually become relatively more potent. Similar ideas apply to placing rooks on open files and knights on active, {{chessgloss|center|central squares}}. The standard valuation is one point for a pawn, three points for a knight or bishop, five points for a rook, and nine points for a queen.{{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1992|pp=438–39}} These values are reliable in endgames, particularly with a limited number of pieces. But these values can change depending on the position or the phase of the game (opening, middle game, or ending). A {{chessgloss|bishop pair}} for example, is worth an additional half-pawn on average.{{harvcol|Soltis|2004|p=183}} In specific circumstances, the values may be quite different: sometimes a knight can be more valuable than a queen if a particular angle is required for a mating attack, such as certain smothered mates. The humble pawn becomes more and more valuable the closer it is to securing a queen promotion for another example.

Chess sets have been made in a variety of styles, sometimes for decorative or artistic purposes rather than practical play, but the Staunton pattern is standard for competition.

{{see also|History of chess}}

Chess evolved over time from its earliest versions in India and Persia to variants that spread both West and East. Pieces changed names and rules as well; the most notable changes was the Vizir (or Firz) becoming the Queen, and the Elephant becoming the Bishop in European versions of chess. The movement patterns for Queens and Bishops also changed, with the earliest rules restricting elephants to just two squares along a diagonal, but allowing them to "jump" (seen in the fairy chess piece the alfil); and the earliest versions of queens could only move a single square diagonally (the fairy chess piece Ferz). The modern bishop's movement was popularized in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the modern queen was popularized in the 15th and 16th centuries, with versions with the more powerful modern queen eclipsing older variants.

File:Chess Piece, Pawn or Backgammon Piece MET sf1972-9-28a.jpg|A pawn of quartz from 10th–11th century (Fatimid Egypt?). Islamic chess sets favored abstract designs.

File:Chess Piece in the Form of a Knight MET sf17-190-231s5.jpg|A knight made around 1250 in London, England. The knight is battling a dragon.

File:Chess Piece, Bishop MET 49.36(1).jpeg|An elephant from the 11th–12th century Islamic Western Mediterranean (possibly Nasrid Granada?). It bears similarities to a Bishop's miter, perhaps explaining the eventual terminology shift.

File:Chess Piece in the Form of a Warder (Rook) or Pawn MET DP318027 (cropped).jpg|A 12th century warder (modern rook) made of whale ivory of Scandinavian origin, similar to the famous Lewis chessmen.

File:Chess Piece in the Form of a Queen MET DP285163 (cropped).jpg|A 13th century Queen astride a horse with attendants, of Scandinavian origin. The Queen replaced the Persian Vizier in European chess.

File:Chess Piece, King MET 1971.105.1(1).jpeg|An 8th–10th century King (Shah) carved of jet. In the Islamic style, it is an abstract representation, decorated with dot-and-circle devices.

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{{wiktionary|Appendix:Chess pieces}}

The characters implied by pieces' names vary between languages. For example, in many languages, the piece known in English as the "knight" frequently translates as "horse", and the English "bishop" frequently translates as "elephant" in language areas that adapted the modern bishop's movement pattern, but not its new name.{{harvcol|Luiro|2009}}

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{{chess names}}

{{main|Fairy chess piece}}

File:Illustration of Chess Piece Man by Gustav Selenus (1616).jpg

Chess variants sometimes include new, non-standard, or even old pieces. For example, Courier Chess, a predecessor of modern chess dating from the 12th century, was played on an 8×12 board and used all six modern chess piece types, plus three additional types of pieces: Courier, Mann (or rath or sage), and Jester. Variants of "old" chess might use the old rules for bishops/elephants with the alfil piece, or old rules for Queens with the ferz. Many modern variants with unorthodox pieces exist, such as Berolina chess which uses custom pawns that advance diagonally and capture vertically.

{{Portal|Chess}}

• Chess set
• Chessboard
• Chess piece relative value
• Chess symbols in Unicode
• Fairy chess piece – a piece used only in chess variants
• History of chess
• Lewis chessmen
• Outline of chess
• Rules of chess
• Staunton chess set

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{{reflist}}

• {{citation

|last=Brace|first=Edward

|year=1977

|title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess

|publisher=Craftwell

|isbn=1-55521-394-4}}

• {{citation

|last=Burgess |first=Graham |author-link=Graham Burgess

|title=The Mammoth Book of Chess

|publisher=Running Press

|year=2009

|edition=3rd

|isbn=978-0-7624-3726-9}}

• {{Citation

|last=Evans |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster)

|title=Evans on Chess

|year=1973

|publisher=Cornerstone Library

|isbn=0-87749-699-4}}

• {{citation

|last1=Hooper |first1=David |author-link1=David Vincent Hooper

|last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |author-link2=Kenneth Whyld

|title=The Oxford Companion to Chess

|year=1992

|edition=2nd

|contribution=Value of pieces

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=0-19-280049-3|title-link=The Oxford Companion to Chess }}

• {{citation

|last1=Just |first1=Tim

|last2=Burg |first2=Daniel S.

|year=2003

|title=U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess

|edition=5th

|publisher=McKay

|isbn= 0-8129-3559-4}}

• {{citation

|last=Soltis |first=Andrew

|year=2004

|title=Rethinking the Chess Pieces

|publisher=Batsford

|isbn= 0-7134-8904-9}}

• {{citation

|url=http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Metro/9154/nap-pieces.htm

|title=Chess pieces in different languages

|year=2009

|access-date=2011-11-04

|last=Luiro

|first=Ari

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021040447/http://geocities.com/TimesSquare/Metro/9154/nap-pieces.htm

|archive-date=October 21, 2009

}}

{{Commons category|Chess pieces}}

• [https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/C02 FIDE on chess equipment]

{{Chess piece}}

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Category:Chess sets