Chief of Defence Staff (India)
{{short description|Overall professional head of the Indian Armed Forces}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief
| body = Defence Staff
| native_name =
| flag = Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = Flag of the Chief of Defence Staff
| image = Anil Chauhan Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = General Anil Chauhan
{{small|PVSM UYSM AVSM SM VSM}}
| acting = N
| incumbentsince = 30 September 2022
| department = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Armed Forces.svg}} Indian Armed Forces
| style =
| type = Chief of defence
| status = Overall professional head of the Indian Armed Forces.
| abbreviation = CDS
| member_of = {{plainlist|
- Chiefs of Staff Committee
- Defence Acquisition Council
- Department of Military Affairs
- National Security Council
- Nuclear Command Authority
}}
| reports_to = 20px President of India
20px Prime Minister of India
20px Minister of Defence
| residence =
| seat = South Block, Secretariat Building, New Delhi
| nominator =
| appointer = Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
President of India
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|No fixed duration, only from appointment till the age of 65.}}{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/services-rules-amended-for-army-navy-and-air-force-cds-can-serve-till-65/342360/|title=Services rules amended for Army, Navy and Air Force, CDS can serve till 65|website=theprint.in|date=29 December 2019}}
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|1|1}}
| first = General Bipin Rawat
{{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| last =
| deputy = {{flagicon image|Flag of Integrated Defence Staff.svg|size=24px}} Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC)
| salary = {{INRConvert|250000}} monthly{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central Pay Commission, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cheggindia.com/govt-exams-blogs/cds-salary/#:~:text=The%20salary%20of%20the%20CDS,Staff%20on%2028%20September%202022.|title=CDS Salary 2024: Basic Pay Scale, Benefits, Perks & Allowances|website=www.cheggindia.com|date=19 January 2024}}
| website = {{official website|https://ids.nic.in/cds.php}}
| footnotes =
}}
The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is the principal military authority and senior-most appointment of the Indian Armed Forces.{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/chiefs-armed-forces|title=Chiefs of Armed Forces|website=www.india.gov.in}} Deemed the overall professional head of India’s three armed services, namely, the Indian Army, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force, the CDS is the highest-ranking military officer in service, responsible for overseeing inter-service jointness across all disciplines related to military functioning.{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/security/chief-of-defence-staff-bipin-rawat/amp/|title=Explainer: What India's First Chief of Defence Staff Is Supposed To Do|website=thewire.in|date=31 December 2019}} Primarily, the office operates on a status of primus inter pares i.e., first among equals with the chiefs of the three services, and functions as the Permanent-Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) – the inter-service syndicate responsible for ensuring the establishment and preservation of military integration.
Statutorily, the CDS is the presiding secretary of the Department of Military Affairs, the civil-cum-military entity responsible for fostering professional coordination between the services, and by extension, is also the principal military advisor to the nation’s civilian leadership i.e., the Ministry of Defence on affairs privy to inter-service integration; as such, the office exists primarily as an advisor and adjudicator position, endowed with no operational command control.{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=198899|title=Functions of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)|website=pib.gov.in|date=3 February 2020}}
Since its formal creation in 2020, the CDS is officiated on a rotational basis by four-star officers nominated from either of the three services. Domestically, the office ranks 12th-overall in the Indian order of precedence, and is the status-equivalent of the Chief of the Army Staff, the Chief of the Naval Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff; internationally, it is identical to the United Kingdom's Chief of the Defence Staff with similar functions to Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=President's Secretariat|website=www.mha.gov.in|date=26 July 1979}}{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2131622/indian-armys-first-chief-defence-staff|title=The Indian army's first Chief of Defence Staff|website=tribune.com.pk|date=7 January 2020}}
Description
File:Secretariat Building South Block.jpg, New Delhi - where the CDS is seated.]]
=Mandate=
As the principal military authority of the Indian Armed Forces, the CDS bears responsibility for overseeing two distinct bodies, namely, the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) and the Department of Military Affairs (DMA).{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1597425|title=Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four star General|website=pib.gov.in|date=24 December 2019}}
== Chiefs of Staff Committee ==
The COSC is an inter-service syndicate of the armed forces, which functions as a principal advisory body dealing with matters related to inter-service coordination, policy formulation and strategy development. It comprises the chiefs of the three armed services, in addition to the CDS - who acts as its Permanent Chairman, responsible for the following duties:
- Acting as the principal military advisor to the Minister of Defence on all affairs related to inter-service integration, coherence and functioning.
- Participating as a member of the Defence Acquisition Council chaired by Minister of Defence and Defence Planning Committee chaired by National Security Advisor.
- Exercising command authority over specific inter-service organizations/agencies/commands, namely, the Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA), the Defence Space Agency and the Armed Forces Special Operations Division vis-à-vis the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS).
- Functioning as the Military Adviser to the Nuclear Command Authority.
- Ensuring jointness in operation, logistics, transport, training, support services, communications, repairs and maintenance of the three armed services.{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/institution-of-the-chief-of-defence-staff-evaluating-the-first-year.html|title=Institution of the Chief of Defence Staff: Evaluating the First Year|website=www.delhipolicygroup.org|date=1 January 2021}}
- Assigning inter-service prioritisation to capital acquisition proposals based on the anticipated budget. and Ensure optimal utilisation of infrastructure and rationalise it through jointness amongst the services.
- Implementing Five-Year Defence Capital Acquisition Plan and Two-Year roll-on Annual Acquisition Plans, as a follow up of Integrated Capability Development Plan.
==Department of Military Affairs==
The DMA is one of the five departments within the Ministry of Defence, which functions as a joint civilian-cum-military syndicate tasked with overseeing administrative duties related to the headquarters of the three armed services, the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) plus the Territorial Army, and procurement initiatives except for capital acquisitions. Herein, the CDS acts as the department's ex-officio Secretary, responsible for the following duties:
- Answering Parliament on all affairs exclusively related to the armed forces.{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-govt-creating-department-of-military-affairs-with-cds-a-big-bonus/340495/|title=CDS was needed. But Modi govt also creating Department of Military Affairs is a big bonus|website=theprint.in|date=25 December 2019}}
- Facilitating the restructuring of service-specific military commands to ensure the optimal utilization of resources by fostering jointness in operations, principally through the establishment of joint-service theatre commands.
- Promoting jointness in procurement, training and staffing for the three armed services through joint-planning and integration of their respective requirements.
=Ambiguities=
Although the CDS is recognized as the principal authority in the armed forces, the office has been noted to have several ambiguities as to its perceived powers and roles:
- The Ministry of Defence is categorized into five departments, of which the Defence Secretary heads the Department of Defence whilst the CDS heads the Department of Military Affairs. However, the Cabinet Secretariat – Manual of Office Procedures, from which the Defence Secretary's powers are derived, states that the office "is the principal adviser of the Minister on all matters of policy and administration within his Ministry/Department, and his responsibility is complete and undivided";{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} thus, the manual would have indicated the Defence Secretary the officer responsible for the Ministry of Defence's five departments, including the Department of Military Affairs, which obscures the clarity of the powers held by the CDS.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeninsula.org.in/2021/01/25/chief-of-defence-staff-a-year-later-lack-of-clarity-and-an-ambiguous-mandate/|title=Chief of Defence Staff, a year later: Lack of Clarity and an ambiguous Mandate|website=www.thepeninsula.org.in|date=25 January 2021}}
- The mandate for defence of India lies with the Department of Defence but procurement initiatives except capital acquisitions lies with CDS-led Department of Military Affairs; this gives birth to a dichotomy where on one hand CDS is expected to prioritise the expenditure between the three services but the wherewithal still lies with the Defence Secretary.{{Cite web|url=https://www.drishtiias.com/printpdf/the-big-picture-chief-of-defence-staff-role-and-responsibility|title=The Big Picture: Chief of Defence Staff: Role and Responsibility|website=www.drishtiias.com}}
=Promotion=
Since its creation in January 2020, the office of CDS has customarily been held by a four-star officer from the three armed services, specifically, either a general, admiral or air chief marshal.{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/cds-the-long-and-arduous-road-ahead-59717|title=CDS: The long and arduous road ahead|website=www.orfonline.org|date=31 December 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cabinet-committee-on-security-clears-creation-of-chief-of-defence-staff-post/articleshow/72951813.cms?from=mdr|title=Cabinet Committee on Security clears Chief of Defence Staff post: Here are all the details|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318122847/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cabinet-committee-on-security-clears-creation-of-chief-of-defence-staff-post/articleshow/72951813.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 March 2024 }} The move to appoint a designate to the office is initiated by the Ministry of Defence, wherein the résumés of candidates recommended by the armed services are submitted for intense review, before being sent to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet - comprising the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence, whereupon the appointment is finalized.{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/security/heres-why-the-appointment-of-indias-second-cds-is-likely-to-be-deferred-for-a-while|title=Here's Why the Appointment of India's Second CDS Is Likely to Be Deferred for a While|website=thewire.in|date=13 January 2022}}
Notably, at the time of the office's creation, no fixed structure for an order of succession existed; thus, in the formative period of the office's existence, the senior-most service chief was recommended for appointment; the first instance of this was General Bipin Rawat, then the Chief of the Army Staff and senior-most amongst the three chiefs.{{Cite web|url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/cds-by-january-with-army-chief-general-rawat-front-runner/|title=CDS by January with Army Chief General Rawat Front Runner|website=raksha-anirveda.com|date=21 November 2019}} However, Rawat's unexpected death in 2021 whilst in tenure exposed this flaw, which consequently left the office of CDS vacant for nine months before a successor. Accordingly, in June 2022, the Ministry of Defence established a permanent set of appointment-cum-succession rules, stating that four-star and three-star officers from the armed services, notwithstanding their states of being active or retired, would be deemed eligible candidates to be appointed, provided they hadn't attained the age of 62 at the time of appointment.{{Cite web|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2022-06/56494444-f00a-482f-8f12-f2a18091aa08/Ministry_of_Defence_Notifications__CDS_.pdf|title=Ministry of Defence (Department of Defence) Notification|website=images.assettype.com|date=6 June 2022}}
As of 2022, the appointment regulations for CDS, whilst same for the three services, are classified distinctively, namely:
- Indian Army: Army (Amendment) Rules, 2022
- Indian Navy: Naval Ceremonial, Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous (Amendment) Regulations, 2022
- Indian Air Force: Air Force (Amendment) Regulations, 2022
The first time the regulations were actively exercised was in the appointment of Lieutenant General Anil Chauhan in September 2022; Chauhan, a former General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Army who had retired in May 2021, was promptly recalled to active service and promoted to general.{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-appoints-lt-general-anil-chauhan-retired-as-chief-of-defence-staff-8178843/|title=Lt Gen Anil Chauhan, former Army Commander, is new CDS|website=indianexpress.com|date=29 September 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/security/cds-lieutenant-general-anil-chauhan-questions|title=Why the Elevation of Lt Gen. Anil Chauhan as CDS Is Extraordinary|website=thewire.in|date=29 September 2022}}
=Tenure=
Under an initial set of regulations established by the Ministry of Defence in December 2019,{{Cite web|url=https://www.staffnews.in/2020/01/gazette-notification-chief-of-defence-staff-office-tenure-retirement-age-etc.html|title=Gazette Notification – Chief of Defence Staff – Office, Tenure, Retirement Age etc.|website=www.staffnews.in|date=10 January 2020}} the service chiefs from the three services, namely, the Chief of the Army Staff, the Chief of the Naval Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff, having completed their mandated three-year tenure or having attained the age of 62, were deemed eligible to be appointed CDS, with the chosen designate tenuring the office to the maximum deemed age of 65; unlike the service chiefs, the CDS has no fixed tenure, but only an upper age limit. The aforementioned 2022 regulations expanded the office's reach, allowing both active and retired officers to occupy the office until the age of 65.
Previously, in the event of an abrupt stoppage during the incumbent's tenure - by termination, resignation or sudden demise, the senior-most service chief was made acting-COSC and by extension, an ex officio-CDS until a suitable successor was appointed; this situation has occurred only once, when General Manoj Mukund Naravane, then-Chief of the Army Staff, was made acting-COSC upon the death of General Rawat, the then-incumbent CDS.{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gen-naravane-takes-charge-as-chairman-chiefs-of-staff-committee-121121600328_1.html|title=Gen Naravane takes charge as Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee|website=www.business-standard.com|date=16 December 2021}}
Insignia
=Command flag=
The office of CDS maintains a separate command flag, regardless of the incumbent appointee's parent service, symbolizing the independence of the position and its associated authority from the armed services.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pw.live/exams/defence/cds-of-india/|title=CDS of India, Significance, Roles and Responsibilities|website=www.pw.live|date=9 February 2024}} The flag comprising a maroon field - representing the inter-service jointness, furnished with the National Flag of India in the canton and the inter-service insignia of the Indian Armed Forces - comprising twin-crossed swords, an unfouled anchor and an eagle surrounded by an oak wreath in gold-furnishing. Similar to that of the service chiefs, this particular command flag is preferably displayed on the CDS's official car and at his office.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/general-bipin-rawats-official-car-bears-new-flag20200101150024/|title=General Bipin Rawat's official car bears new flag|website=www.aninews.in|date=1 January 2020}}
=Accoutrements=
Whilst the CDS is a rotational appointment held by officers drawn from the three armed services, the CDS is an independent entity, thus mandating a distinct set of accoutrements. Notably, the CDS uniform allows the appointee to retain certain paraphernalia, such as the uniform of the appointee's parent service and its associated decorations; nonetheless, it lacks a lanyard, unlike the uniforms of the service chiefs.
In addition, the office's uniform has several distinct emendations, the primary of which are undermentioned:
List of officeholders
;Key
{{dagger}} - Died in office
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan=2| Portrait ! rowspan=2| Name ! colspan=3| Term of office ! rowspan=2| Service branch ! rowspan=2| Preceding office ! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |
| Took office
! Left office ! Time in office |
|---|
| {{Officeholder table
| order = 1 | image = General Bipin Rawat, India's 1st Chief of Defence Staff.jpg | military_rank = General | officeholder = Bipin Rawat | officeholder_sort = Rawat, Bipin | born_year = 1958 | died_year = 2021 | died = y | term_start = 1 January 2020 | term_end = 8 December 2021 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|2020|01|01|2021|12|08}} | defence_branch = {{army|India}} | alt_officeholder = Chief of the Army Staff | alt_officeholder_sort = | alt_officeholder_party = | ref = {{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Rajeev|date=31 December 2019|editor-last=Nair|editor-first=Arun|title=General Bipin Rawat took over as Chief of Defence Staff, US Congratulates Him|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/general-bipin-rawat-to-be-chief-of-defence-staff-us-congratulates-him-2156608|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231052118/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/general-bipin-rawat-to-be-chief-of-defence-staff-us-congratulates-him-2156608|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=2019-12-31|website=NDTV}}{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|access-date=8 December 2021 |title=Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat, wife among 13 killed in chopper crash|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-chopper-crashes-in-tamil-nadu-bipin-rawat-was-reportedly-on-board/articleshow/88161974.cms|website=The Economic Times}} }} ! colspan=9| Vacant {{Officeholder table | order = 2 | image = Anil Chauhan Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).jpg | military_rank = General | officeholder = Anil Chauhan | officeholder_sort = Chauhan, Anil | born_year = 1961* | died_year = | died = n | term_start = 30 September 2022 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|2022|09|30}} | defence_branch = {{army|India}} | alt_officeholder = General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Command | alt_officeholder_sort = | alt_officeholder_party = }} |
See also
=Inter-service offices=
=Other offices of the Indian Armed Forces=
=International equivalents=
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
{{refbegin|35em}}
;Books
- {{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Anit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45KwDwAAQBAJ|title=The Absent Dialogue: Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Military in India|date=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-090590-3|language=en}}
;Think-tanks and journals
- {{Cite web|last=Patil|first=Sameer|date=2021-12-16|title=The legacy of India's first CDS|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/the-legacy-of-indias-first-cds/|website=|publisher=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Brig (Retd) V Jai|date=12 January 2021|editor-last=Bajwa|editor-first=Lt Gen JS|title=Chief of Defence Staff – Game Changer or Damp Squib?|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/chief-of-defence-staff-game-changer-or-damp-squib/|journal=Indian Defence Review|volume=36|issue=1}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Ahuja|first=Anil|date=1 January 2021|title=Institution of the Chief of Defence Staff: Evaluating the First Year|url=https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/uploads_dpg/publication_file/institution-of-the-chief-of-defence-staff-evaluating-the-first-year-2145.pdf|journal=DPG Policy Brief|publisher=Delhi Policy Group|volume=6|issue=1}}
- {{Citation|last=Venkataraman|first=R|title=Chief of Defence Staff, a year later: Lack of Clarity and an ambiguous Mandate|date=25 January 2021|url=https://www.thepeninsula.org.in/2021/01/25/chief-of-defence-staff-a-year-later-lack-of-clarity-and-an-ambiguous-mandate/?print=pdf|publisher=The Peninsula Foundation, Tamil Nadu}}
;Articles
- {{Cite web|last=Panag|first=Lt Gen H S|author-link=H. S. Panag|date=20 June 2019|title=Modi must appoint chief of defence staff – and prove India's political class isn't fearful|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-must-appoint-chief-of-defence-staff-and-prove-indias-political-class-isnt-fearful/252274/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815035745/https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-must-appoint-chief-of-defence-staff-and-prove-indias-political-class-isnt-fearful/252274/|archive-date=15 August 2019|website=The Print}}
{{refend}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline|Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Chief of military by country}}
Category:Ministry of Defence (India)