Chinali language

{{Short description|Unclassified language of India}}

{{redirect|Chinali|the Chinese-Indian sailor|Kunjali Marakkar}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Chinali

| nativename = 𑚏𑚮𑚝𑚥𑚡𑚭𑚋𑚲 Chinalbhashe

| states = Himachal Pradesh

| region = Chandra and Chandrabhaga Valley

| ethnicity = Chinali{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

| speakers = 215

| date = 2016

| ref = e25

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = Indo-Iranian

| fam3 = Indo-Aryan

| fam4 = (unclassified)

| fam5 = Chinali–Lahul

| iso3 = cih

| glotto = chin1475

| glottorefname = Chinali

}}

{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

{{wiktionary category 2|Chinali language}}

Chinali (natively called Chinalbhashe){{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} is an unclassified, and critically endangered language of India spoken by about 220 people. Many speakers are well educated. Speakers are distributed throughout Lahul (or Lahaul) Valley."Indo-Aryan Languages", "International Encyclopedia of Linguistics Vol. 1" edited by W. J. Frawley. It is written in the Devanagari script. It is possible that Chinali is also closely related to Sanskrit.{{Cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Brad, Wendy |date=August 2019 |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of Lahul Valley, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/18/32/141832844209183669770425266092693708252/silesr2019_006.pdf |journal=SIL International |pages=10}}

Phonology

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ConsonantsA Descriptive Grammar & Vocabulary of Chinali, Dr. D.D. Sharma

! colspan="2" | 

!Labial

!Dental

!Palatal

!Retroflex

!Velar/
Glottal

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|{{IPA link|ɳ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

rowspan="4" |Stop

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t̪}}

|

|{{IPA link|ʈ}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

aspirated

|{{IPA link|pʰ}}

|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}

|

|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}

|{{IPA link|kʰ}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|d̪}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɖ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

breathy

|{{IPA link|bʱ}}

|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}

rowspan="4" |Affricate

!voiceless

|

|{{IPA link|t͡s}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}

|

|

aspirated

|

|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}

|

|

voiced

|

|{{IPA link|d͡z}}

|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}

|

|

breathy

|

|

|{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Semi vowels

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

|

|

|

rowspan="2" |Spirants

!unvoiced

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|{{IPA link|ʂ}}

|{{IPA link|x}}

voiced

|

|{{IPA link|z}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|ɦ}}

colspan="2" |Vibrant

|

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|{{IPA link|ɽ}}

|

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|ɭ}}

|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Vowels

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Near-close/high

|{{IPA link|iː}}

|

|{{IPA link|uː}}

mid higher

|{{IPA link|ɛ ɛː}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

Near-open

|

|{{IPA link|ɐ ɐː ɐ̃ː}}

|{{IPA link|a aː}}

References

{{Reflist}}