Chinese Americans in the Mississippi Delta

File:Tri-stateDirectory single page.pdf

The earliest Chinese settlers in the Mississippi Delta were laborers recruited by cotton planters to supplement the recently emancipated African freedmen during Reconstruction. Like other early Chinese Americans, the first Chinese immigrants were peasants and merchants from the Siyi region of Guangdong province in South China. All of them were single and married men who worked in Mississippi and sent most of their income back to their families in China. As they were neither black nor white, the Chinese were often classified as "colored" in early government records.Loewen, James W. 1971. The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White, Cambridge: Harvard University Press{{ISBN?}}Quan, Robert Seto. 1982. Lotus Among the Magnolias: The Mississippi Chinese, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi

By the end of the 1870s, the Chinese had abandoned the plantations and began opening small family-owned grocery stores in the many small towns of the Delta. Chinese families began moving to the Delta in the early 1900s, and most modern Mississippi Delta Chinese are the descendants of Chinese who arrived in Mississippi during this time. Until the end of the 1900s, Chinese-owned groceries could be found in every Delta city and town, serving both white and black customers. Chinese children were originally segregated from the white public schools, and segregated Chinese schools were built for them in Greenville and Cleveland. However, these schools were closed and Chinese children were allowed to attend both white schools and white colleges after World War II. Gong, Gwendolyn. The Mississippi Chinese of World War II: A Delta Tribute. Cleveland, Mississippi: Delta State University, 2015.{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/Tri-stateChineseDirectoryOfMississippiArkansasAndTennessee|title=Tri-State Chinese Directory of Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee|language=English}} Shepherd, Ted.  The Chinese of Greenville Mississippi:  Success and Opportunity.  Greenville, Mississippi:  Burford Brothers Printing Company, 1999.Jung, John. 2011. Chopsticks in the Land of Cotton: Lives of Mississippi Delta Chinese Grocers., Yin & Yang Press.

The population of the Mississippi Delta Chinese exploded after war. Many young Chinese men from the Mississippi Delta served as soldiers during the Second World War, and many women from China married these soldiers and settled in the Delta as war brides after the war. By the 1970s there were as many as 3,000 Americans of Chinese descent living in the Delta, especially American-born Chinese children who were raised in the Delta. For decades the Mississippi Delta Chinese community was one of the largest Chinese American communities in the American South, but since then, many families have moved to larger cities in Texas, the West Coast, and the Northeast. Most of the historic Chinese groceries have already closed, and only a few families remain in the Delta.{{cite web|last=Block|first=Melissa|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/03/18/519017287/the-legacy-of-the-mississippi-delta-chinese|title=The Legacy Of The Mississippi Delta Chinese|publisher=NPR|date=2017-03-18}}{{cite journal|last=Thornell|first=John G.|date=2008-01-01|title=A Culture in Decline: The Mississippi Delta Chinese.|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA191350964&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=1083074X&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~b9153a87|journal=Southeast Review of Asian Studies|language=English|volume=30|pages=196–203}}{{cite news|last=Estrin|first=James|title=Neither Black Nor White in the Mississippi Delta|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/lens/mississippi-delta-chinese-americans.html|website=The New York Times|date=13 March 2018|access-date=26 April 2018|ref=2}}

The Lum v. Rice court case involved an ethnic Chinese student in the Delta.

Arriving into a strictly segregated society with whites on top and blacks on the bottom, the Chinese carved out their own unique niche in a primarily binary racial society. Neither black nor white, they were initially classified as "non-white" and later as simply "Chinese". While not seen as being on the same social status as whites neither were they seen on the same level as blacks despite often living in black neighborhoods and serving mostly black clients and customers. The Chinese were middlemen between blacks and whites, often providing a needed contact point in a segregated society. The Chinese initially attended separate Chinese schools separate from both blacks and whites although in later decades before segregation officially was outlawed, they often attended schools with white students. In many cases they sought to identify with white society as much as they could due to whites having the highest status in Jim Crow society.{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Charles Reagan|title=Chinese in Mississippi: An Ethnic People in a Biracial Society|url=http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/86/mississippi-chinese-an-ethnic-people-in-a-biracial-society|website=Mississippi History Now|publisher=Mississippi Historical Society|access-date=26 April 2018|ref=1}}

• Dr. T. G. Wing Chow, Chinese American Medical Association of Southern California president
• Sam Chu Lin, journalist and news anchor
• Martin F. Jue, entrepreneur and inventor
• Josephine Jue, NASA computer scientist
• Albert Lum, founder of Southern California Chinese American Lawyers Association
• Only Won, producer of Far East Deep South

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

• Oral Histories, Chinese Grocers. Southern Foodways Alliance (2010). [https://www.southernfoodways.org/oral-history/chinese-grocers-in-the-mississippi-and-arkansas-deltas/ Chinese Grocers | Southern Foodways Alliance]
• Chinese Oral Histories. Delta State University. [http://www.deltastate.edu/library/departments/archives-museum/guides-to-the-collection/oral-history-collections/chinese-oral-histories/ Chinese Oral Histories]
• {{cite journal|last=Winter|first=R. Milton|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23335428|title=Rosedale Presbyterians and the Mississippi Chinese: Changing Concepts of Equality in an Aristocratic Southern Town|journal=The Journal of Presbyterian History|volume=78|issue=2|date=Summer 2000|pages=169–173|publisher=Presbyterian Historical Society|jstor=23335428}}
• {{cite journal|url=https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/93895/1/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%ED%95%99%2037-2-3..pdf|last=Shin (신)|first=Ji Hye (지혜)|title=In Between: The Mississippi Chinese and the American Racial Structure|journal=미국학 / American Studies|date=2014-11-30|volume=37|issue=2|page=81|doi=10.18078/amstin.2014.37.2.003|issn=1229-4381}} – From the Korea Information Science Society (KISS) – [https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/93895 Profile]
• {{cite book|last=Kim|first=Heidi|chapter=4 The Foreign Faulkner: The Mississippi Chinese in Faulkner's South|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456252.003.0005|title=Invisible Subjects: Asian America in Postwar Literature Invisible Subjects: Asian America in Postwar Literature|pages=130–170|date=April 2016}} – [https://academic.oup.com/book/4934/chapter-abstract/147367508?redirectedFrom=fulltext Read online]

; Media

• {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NMrqGHr5zE|title=The Untold Story Of America's Southern Chinese [Chinese Food: An All-American Cuisine, Pt. 2] | AJ+|publisher=AJ+|date=2017-08-16}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/southern-chinese-americans-mississippi-delta-v89zqd/|title=The Southern Chinese Americans of the Mississippi Delta|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|date=2020-03-10}}

• [https://www.thedeltachinese.com/ The Delta Chinese] – Project by Andrew Kung and Emmanuel Hahn

{{Chinese American}}

Category:Chinese-American culture

Category:History of Mississippi

Category:Ethnic groups in Mississippi