Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict

The origin of the conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts dates back to the British rule. The British, at the end of the 19th century, reorganized CHT. This resulted in the recognition of three tribal chiefs (rajas) in 1860, (b) enactment of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Frontier Police Regulations in 1881, authorizing a police force from among the hill peoples, and (c) enactment of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulations in 1900, giving them rights and autonomy.

When Bangladesh was the eastern wing of Pakistan, widespread resentment occurred over the displacement of as many as 100,000 natives due to the construction of the Kaptai Dam in 1962. The displaced did not receive compensation from the government and many thousands fled to India.

After the creation of Bangladesh in 1971, representatives of the Chittagong Hill Tracts including Manabendra Narayan Larma demanded for autonomy and recognition of rights for natives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Larma and other Hill Tracts representatives protested the draft of the Constitution of Bangladesh as it did not recognise the ethnic identity and culture of non-Bengalis of Bangladesh. The government policy recognised only Bengali culture and the Bengali language, and designated all citizens of Bangladesh as Bengalis. In a discussion with a team led by Manabendra Narayan Larma, it was claimed that Bangladesh's the then head of state, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman said that the natives of the Chittagong Hill Tracts are all yet still Bengalis and must accept it which later was proven to be a false allegation.{{cite book |first=Nagendra K. |last=Singh |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=81-261-1390-1 |pages=222–223}}{{cite book |first=Bushra Hasina |last=Chowdhury |year=2002 |url=http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs/Chowdhury/contents/part2.html |title=Building Lasting Peace: Issues of the Implementation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Accord |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901145334/http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs/Chowdhury/contents/part2.html |archive-date=1 September 2006}}{{cite book |last=Shelley |first=Mizanur Rahman |title=The Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: The untold story |pages=129 |publisher=Centre for Development Research, Bangladesh |year=1992 |oclc=29315603}}

The migrated hill Jummas were given with special treatment, as they were the minority after independence in 1971.{{cite news |last=Mohaiemen |first=Naeem |date=15 November 2012 |title=In Bangladesh, Stranded on the Borders of Two Bengals |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/in-bangladesh-stranded-on-the-borders-of-two-bengals/?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019152610/https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/in-bangladesh-stranded-on-the-borders-of-two-bengals/?_r=0 |archive-date=19 October 2023}} The rebellion by the Jummas began after the independence of Bangladesh.{{cite news |last=Crossette |first=Barbara |date=8 July 1989 |title=Khagrachari Journal; Seeking Happiness High in the Hills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/08/world/khagrachari-journal-seeking-happiness-high-in-the-hills.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009085459/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/08/world/khagrachari-journal-seeking-happiness-high-in-the-hills.html |archive-date=9 October 2023}}

M. N. Larma and others founded the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) as a united political organisation of all native peoples and tribes in 1973. The armed wing of PCJSS, Shanti Bahini was organised to resist government policies. The crisis aggravated during the regime of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and the successive military governments that followed after his assassination in 1975. In 1977, the Shanti Bahini launched their first attack on a Bangladesh Army convoy.{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3D71E3BF932A25755C0A96F948260 |title=Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=11 June 1989 |newspaper=The New York Times |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026075629/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/world/bangladeshi-insurgents-say-india-is-supporting-them.html |archive-date=26 October 2014}}{{cite book |first=Nagendra K. |last=Singh |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=81-261-1390-1 |pages=229}}

It is alleged that the Indian government helped the Shanti Bahini set up bases across the border from Bangladesh.{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2504753 |title=Bangladesh: A Critical Review of the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) Peace Accord |first=A. |last=Kabir |journal=Working Paper No 2. The Role of Parliaments in Conflict & Post Conflict in Asia |date=January 2005 |access-date=8 March 2015}} According to a spokesperson of Shanti Bahini, they received military assistance from India after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Their spokesman, Bimal Chakma, stated, At the beginning we got some consideration, but it is very low compared with what we need.{{Cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=11 June 1989 |title=Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/world/bangladeshi-insurgents-say-india-is-supporting-them.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

The Shanti Bahini divided its area of operations into zones and recruited natives, who were formally trained. The Shanti Bahini led attacks on Bangladesh Police and army men, government offices, personnel and Bengalis in the region. The group also attacked any native who didn't support the rebellion against the Bangladeshi government.{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Shanti Bahini}} According to government sources between 1980 and 1991, 1,180 people were killed by the Shanti Bahini, and 582 were kidnapped.{{cite web |title=Human rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=February 2000 |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA130012000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031203114/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA130012000 |archive-date=31 October 2004 |website=Amnesty International}}

400 Chakmas including Anupam Chakma absconded to India to evade arrest or caprure by Bangladeshi forces in 1989.{{cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=8 July 1989 |title=Under Cover of Darkness, 400 Flee to Haven in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/08/world/under-cover-of-darkness-400-flee-to-haven-in-india.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009085444/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/08/world/under-cover-of-darkness-400-flee-to-haven-in-india.html |archive-date=9 October 2023}} Demographically, Chakmas were the dominant native community in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, so naturally Chakmas dominated the Shanti Bahini.{{cite news |last=Crossette |first=Barbara |date=26 June 1989 |title=Bangladesh Tries to Dampen Ethnic Insurgency With Ballots |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/26/world/bangladesh-tries-to-dampen-ethnic-insurgency-with-ballots.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009085444/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/26/world/bangladesh-tries-to-dampen-ethnic-insurgency-with-ballots.html |archive-date=9 October 2023}}

G. M. Mushfiqur Rahman, a lieutenant in the Bangladesh Army posted in 1 Field Artillery Regiment of Bangladesh Army in Chittagong Hill Tracts on 8 September 1989 led a 17—member team of Bangladesh Army personnel and attacked a Shanti Bahini camp. Lieutenant Rahman was injured during the clash and died on that day at 8:15 am. He was posthumously awarded with Bir Uttom, the second highest award in Bangladesh for individual gallantry.Major General (Retired) Syed Muhammad Ibrahim " Chittagong Hill Tract Peace Process and Situation Analysis (Bengali Book)

On 11 September 1996, Shanti Bahini rebels reportedly abducted and killed 28 to 30 Bengali woodcutters.{{Cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a838a.html |title=Refworld | Human Rights Situation}}

People living in the Hill Tracts area were often detained and tortured in custody on suspicion of being members of the Shanti Bahini or helping them. There were numerous check posts on highways and ferries in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.{{cite book |title=Bangladesh Unlawful Killings And Torture In The Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=United Kingdom |isbn=0-86210-110-7 |pages=26–30}}

People who are detained on suspicion are subjected to severe beating, electrocution, water boarding, hanging upside down, shoving burning cigarettes on bodies etc. Prisoners are detained in pits and trenches. The captives are then taken out for interrogation one at a time.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

{{main|Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord}}

Peace negotiations were initiated after the restoration of democracy in Bangladesh in 1991, but little progress was made with the government of Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia, the widow of Ziaur Rahman and her Bangladesh Nationalist Party.{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Parbatya Chattagram Jana-Samhati Samiti}} Fresh rounds of talks began in 1996 with the newly elected prime minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed of the Awami League, the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The peace accord was finalised and formally signed on 2 December 1997.

The agreement recognised the special status of the hill residents. Chakma rebels were still in the Chittagong Hill Tracts as of 2002.{{cite news |last=Samrat |date=21 August 2012 |title=The "Imaginary Line" that Divides India and Bangladesh |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/the-imaginary-line-that-divides-india-and-bangladesh/ |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619115402/https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/the-imaginary-line-that-divides-india-and-bangladesh/ |archive-date=19 June 2024}}

Chakmas also live in Tripura, India where a Insurgency in Tripura lasted between 1989 and 2024.{{cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=13 August 1988 |title=India and Tribal Guerrillas Agree to Halt 8-Year Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/13/world/india-and-tribal-guerrillas-agree-to-halt-8-year-fight.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511181822/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/13/world/india-and-tribal-guerrillas-agree-to-halt-8-year-fight.html |archive-date=11 May 2024}}

21 years after the peace treaty on 5 May 2018 unidentified gunmen ambushed and assassinated 5 people in Rangamati district, including UPDF leader, Tapan Jyoti Chakma. It is suspected the attack was caused by conflicts between factions. This is the deadliest such incident involving the indigenous tribal community since the signing of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord in 1997.{{cite news |first1=Anvil |last1=Chakma |first2=Sanjoy Kumar |last2=Barua |first3=Saikat |last3=Dewan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/gun-attack-kills-5-rangamati-1571785/ |title=Gun attack kills 5 in Rangamati |date=5 May 2018 |work=The Daily Star (Bangladesh) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907044145/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/gun-attack-kills-5-rangamati-1571785 |archive-date=7 September 2024}}{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/attackers-came-2-groups-target-was-tapan-1572076 |title=Shooting at Naniarchar: 'Attackers came in 2 groups; target was Tapan' |date=6 May 2018 |work=The Daily Star (Bangladesh) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009085444/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/attackers-came-2-groups-target-was-tapan-1572076 |archive-date=9 October 2023}}

{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}

The secessionist Kuki-Chin National Front led by Nathan Bom begun to fight for the establishment of a separate autonomous or independent state for Jumma people, using guerilla methods since 2022.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

{{main|Kuki-Chin National Front}}

Amidst intelligence reports of insurgency buildup in the region, on 20 October 2022, Bangladesh authorities issue travel ban in Bandarban district amidst security concerns in the region.{{cite web |url=https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2022/10/bangladesh-authorities-issue-travel-advisory-in-parts-of-bandarban-district-chittagong-division-as-of-oct-20 |title=Bangladesh: Authorities issue travel advisory in parts of Bandarban District, Chittagong Division, as of Oct. 20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009085347/https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2022/10/bangladesh-authorities-issue-travel-advisory-in-parts-of-bandarban-district-chittagong-division-as-of-oct-20 |archive-date=9 October 2023}}

An ethnic insurgency group, the Kuki-Chin National Front, has gained a foothold in the region. RAB has launched an anti-insurgency campaign, that led to 250 refugees fleeing over the border into Mizoram (India). Allegedly, 2,000 more civilians are hiding in the wilderness. RAB told the media that 10 militants belonging to KNF was arrested in the operation in the CHT. Ten guns, 50 rounds of bullets, 62 cases, six bombs, two cartridge belts, and a locally made pistol along with other equipment including radical jihadi literature were also seized during the operation, and 1 militant was also killed in the raids.

On 17 May 2023, two soldiers of the Bangladesh Army were killed and two officers were injured in Bandarban. The incident occurred as a result of an explosion caused by an improvised explosive device (IED) and unforeseen gunfire from the Kuki-Chin National Army.{{Cite news |date=17 May 2023 |title=Kuki-Chin National Army attack kills 2 Army men: ISPR |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/g925xuu34c |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=17 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605135932/https://businesspostbd.com/back/2023-03-14/army-man-killed-as-kna-activists-open-fire-in-bandarban-2023-03-14 |archive-date=5 June 2024}}

On the night of 2 April 2024, some members of the KNF robbed Sonali Bank's Ruma upazila branch,{{cite news |script-title=bn:সোনালি ব্যাংকে ডাকাতি |title=Sōnāli byāṅkē ḍākāti |trans-title=Robbery at Sonali Bank |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-04-03/CM6KNV1B |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405155613/https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-04-03/CM6KNV1B |archive-date=5 April 2024 |language=bn}} and looted around 15 million taka. On 10 April 2024, 55 Kuki-Chin National Front militants were arrested by Bangladesh Police in Bandarban.{{cite news |first=S. Bashu |last=Das |date=10 April 2024 |title=Bandarban raids: Police arrest man associated with KNF |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/343816/knf-associate-held-in-bandarban |work=Dhaka Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410114920/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/343816/knf-associate-held-in-bandarban |archive-date=10 April 2024}} On 24 November 2024, three Kuki-Chin National Front militants were killed in an operation by the Bangladesh Army.{{cite news |date=24 November 2024 |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/clkznhpbcw |title=3 KNF militants killed in Bandarban army operation |work=Prothom Alo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201214219/https://en.prothomalo.com/amp/story/bangladesh/clkznhpbcw |archive-date=1 December 2024}}

Various operations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts have been launched by Bangladeshi security forces, they are:

• Operation Dabanal
• Operation Uttaran

File:Chittagong Hill Tracts locator map.svg

At the outbreak of the insurgency, the government of Bangladesh deployed the army to begin counter-insurgency operations. The then-president Ziaur Rahman created the Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board under an army general to address the socio-economic needs of the region, but the entity proved unpopular and became a source of antagonism and mistrust amongst the native people against the government. The government struggled to address the long-standing issue of the displacement of people, numbering an estimated 100,000 caused by the construction of the Kaptai Dam in 1962.{{cite web |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/C2EA848CB001371D802570B8005A719E?OpenDocument |title=The construction of the Kaptai dam uproots the indigenous population (1957–1963) |access-date=1 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204190113/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/C2EA848CB001371D802570B8005A719E?OpenDocument |archive-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead}} Displaced people did not receive compensation and more than 40,000 Chakma people had fled to India. In the 1980s, the government began settling Bengalis in the region, causing the eviction of many natives and a significant alteration of demographics. Having constituted only 11.6% of the regional population in 1974, the number of Bengalis grew by 1991 to constitute 48.5% of the regional population.

In 1989, the government of then-president Hossain Mohammad Ershad passed the District Council Act created three tiers of local government councils to devolve powers and responsibilities to the representatives of the native peoples, but the councils were rejected and opposed by PCJSS.

The persecution of the indigenous tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, including the Chakma, Marma, Tripura and others, who are mainly Buddhists, has been described as genocidal.{{harvnb|Gray|1994|p=59}}; {{harvnb|O'Brien|2004}}; {{harvnb|Mey|1984}}; {{harvnb|Mohsin|2003}}; {{harvnb|Roy|2000}}; {{harvnb|Beachler|2007|pp=490–491}} There are also accusations of Chakmas being forced to leave their religion, many of them children who have been abducted for this purpose. The government encouraged and sponsored massive settlement of Bangladeshis in the region,{{sfn|Hossain|2015|p=105}} which changed the indigenous population's demographics from 98 percent in 1971 to fifty percent by 2000.{{cite report |author=The Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission |title='Life Is Not Ours': Land and Human Rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh – Update 4 |publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |date=2000 |page=20}} During this conflict, which officially ended in 1997, and during the subsequent period, a large number of human rights violations against the indigenous peoples have been reported, with violence against indigenous women being particularly extreme.{{cite book |last1=Chakma |first1=Kabita |title=Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East |chapter=Indigenous Women and Culture in the Colonized Chittagong Hills Tracts of Bangladesh |year=2013 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0812244878 |first2=Glen |last2=Hill |editor-first=Kamala |editor-last=Visweswaran |pages=132–157}}

• Partition of India
• Chittagong Hill Tracts manual
• Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
• Persecution of Buddhists in Bangladesh
• Persecution of Ahmadis in Bangladesh
• Persecution of Christians in Bangladesh
• Freedom of religion in Bangladesh
• Human rights in Bangladesh

{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

{{cite book |last=Begovich |first=Milica |editor1-first=Karl R. Jr |editor1-last=DeRouen |editor2-first=Uk |editor2-last=Heo |year=2007 |chapter=Bangladesh (1972–1997) |title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II |volume=I |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-1-85109-919-1}}

{{cite book |last1=Jonassohn |first1=Kurt |title=Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective |year=1998 |publisher=Transaction |isbn=1560003146 |page=258 |first2=Karin Solveig |last2=Björnson}}

{{cite web |title=Bangladesh: Indigenous Peoples engulfed in Chittagong Hill Tracts land conflict |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-indigenous-peoples-engulfed-chittagong-hill-tracts-land-conflict |website=Amnesty International |date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130807115935/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-indigenous-peoples-engulfed-chittagong-hill-tracts-land-conflict |archive-date=7 August 2013}}

{{cite news |last=Erueti |first=Andrew |title=Amnesty criticises Bangladeshi government's failure to address indigenous land rights |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-12/an-amnesty-criticises-bangladeshi-government27s-failure-to-add/4750360 |work=ABC News |date=13 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014124118/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-12/an-amnesty-criticises-bangladeshi-government27s-failure-to-add/4750360 |archive-date=14 October 2023}}

{{cite magazine |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rajeev |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/11/kuki-chin-refugees-from-bangladesh-take-shelter-in-mizoram/ |title=Kuki-Chin Refugees from Bangladesh Take Shelter in Mizoram |magazine=The Diplomat |date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528144832/https://thediplomat.com/2022/11/kuki-chin-refugees-from-bangladesh-take-shelter-in-mizoram/ |archive-date=28 May 2024}}

{{cite web |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/kuki-chin-refugees-bangladesh-mizoram-violence.html |title=Kuki-Chin refugees from Bangladesh continue to pour into Mizoram to flee violence |website=Northeast Now |date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210212918/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/kuki-chin-refugees-bangladesh-mizoram-violence.html |archive-date=10 December 2023}}

}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |date=1 December 2007 |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |issn=0031-322X |pages=467–492 |volume=41 |issue=5 |doi=10.1080/00313220701657286 |s2cid=220344166}}
• {{cite journal |last=Gray |first=Richard A. |year=1994 |title=Genocide in the Chittagong Hill tracts of Bangladesh |journal=Reference Services Review |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=59–79 |doi=10.1108/eb049231}}
• {{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Anwar |title=The Bengali Settlement and Minority Groups Integration in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: An Anthropological Understanding |journal=Jagannath University Journal of Social Sciences |date=2015 |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=97–110 |url=https://jnu.ac.bd/journal/assets/pdf/3_2_34.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110222648/https://jnu.ac.bd/journal/assets/pdf/3_2_34.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2024}}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Mey |editor-first=Wolfgang |year=1984 |title=Genocide in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh |location=Copenhagen |publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs}}
• {{cite book |last=Mohsin |first=Amena |year=2003 |title=The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: On the Difficult Road to Peace |location=Boulder, Col. |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers}}
• {{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Sharon |chapter=The Chittagong Hill Tracts |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity |title-link=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity |editor-first=Dinah |editor-last=Shelton |editor-link=Dinah Shelton |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference |year=2004 |pages=176–177}}
• {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Rajkumari |year=2000 |title=Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh |location=Copenhagen |publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs}}

{{refend}}

{{Military of Bangladesh}}

Category:History of Chittagong Division

Category:Internal conflict in Bangladesh

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Chittagong Hills Tracts

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