Chivers' Life of Poe

{{further|Thomas Holley Chivers#Relationship with Edgar Allan Poe}}

File:RWGriswold.jpg, pictured in 1855, wrote an obituary of Poe which Chivers set out to discredit.]]

Direct contact between Edgar Allan Poe and Thomas Holley Chivers began in the 1840s, and they continued to correspond with each other as friends until Poe's death in 1849.{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Wilbur S. |title=The Astonishing Chivers: Poet for Plagiarists |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |date=1944 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=150–153 |doi=10.2307/26400864 |jstor=26400864 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26400864 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |issn=0032-8456 |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710232413/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26400864 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} After this occurred, Chivers began publicly accusing Poe of plagiarizing his work and was accused of stealing from Poe's own writing.{{cite book |last1=Lombard |first1=Charles M. |editor1-last=Leary |editor1-first=Lewis Gaston |title=Thomas Holley Chivers |date=1979 |publisher=Twayne Publishers}}{{rp|103}} Despite these accusations, Chivers continued to defend his friend's legacy.{{rp|99}}

In October 1849, shortly after Poe's death, Rufus Wilmot Griswold published a scathing critique and obituary in the New-York Tribune (published under the pseudonym "Ludwig"). The following September, he included his "Memoir of the Author" in a collection of Poe's works.{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Killis |title=The Poe-Griswold Controversy |journal=PMLA |date=1919 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=436–464 |doi=10.2307/456891 |jstor=456891 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/456891 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |issn=0030-8129 |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710232414/https://www.jstor.org/stable/456891 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}{{rp|436}} The effect of the memoir had been to destroy Poe's reputation and may have directly inspired Chivers to write a biography defending his friend.{{cite book |last1=Chivers |first1=Thomas Holley |author1-link=Thomas Holley Chivers |editor1-last=Davis |editor1-first=Richard Beale |editor1-link=Richard Beale Davis |title=Chivers' Life of Poe |date=1952 |publisher=E. P. Dutton & Company |location=New York |edition=1st}}{{rp|13}} Edward Sculley Bradley at the University of Pennsylvania said that his attempts to discredit Griswold's accounts were "evident" within the final work.{{cite journal |last1=Bradley |first1=Edward Sculley |title=Early Admirer |journal=Saturday Review |date=May 31, 1952 |page=15}}

Chivers began researching Poe's life and gathering related materials: he had already collected clippings from magazines and newspapers including Graham's Magazine, the Broadway Journal, the Southern Literary Messenger, and the New-York Tribune. Chivers contacted Poe's relatives and acquaintances to read their communications with Poe, even asking Griswold for his letters.{{rp|14}} In October 1852, he offered his "New Life of Edgar Allan Poe" to the publishing company Ticknor and Fields, but was unsuccessful. In February 1854, he sought publication with B. B. Mussey and Co. and Lippincott, Grambo & Co., but was again unsuccessful. The manuscript remained unpublished by Chivers, but he appeared to work on it until 1857.{{rp|15}}

File:Picture of George Edward Woodberry.jpg published the first excerpts of the Poe-Chivers Papers]]

In January and February 1903, George Edward Woodberry published two articles in The Century Magazine titled "The Poe-Chivers Papers: The First Authentic Account of One of Poe's Most Interesting Friendships", which contained excerpts from Chivers's manuscript collection.{{cite journal |last1=Quinn |first1=Arthur H. |author1-link=Arthur H. Quinn |title=Review: Chivers' Life of Poe |journal=American Literature |date=1952 |volume=24 |issue=3 |page=417 |jstor=2921372 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2921372 |issn=0002-9831 |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623213844/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2921372 |url-status=live }} By this time, Woodberry had established himself as a leading scholar in Poe studies, publishing his own biography of the writer in 1885.{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Killis |title=Woodberry's Revised Life of Poe. |journal=Modern Language Notes |date=1910 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=115 |doi=10.2307/2915968 |jstor=2915968 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2915968 |access-date=June 23, 2024 |issn=0149-6611|url-access=subscription }} Duke University professor Jay B. Hubbell criticised Woodberry's publication of the excerpts as being done "in part and none too accurately".{{cite journal |last1=Hubbell |first1=Jay B. |author1-link=Jay B. Hubbell |title=Review: Chivers' Life of Poe |journal=South Atlantic Quarterly |date=April 1953 |volume=52 |issue=2 |doi=10.1215/00382876-52-2-307}}{{rp|308}}

The first of The Century's articles contains Chivers's physical description of Poe and recounts their interactions in New York City. It includes a discussion between Chivers and Poe concerning the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.{{cite journal |last1=Woodberry |first1=George Edward |author1-link=George Edward Woodberry |title=The Poe-Chivers Papers: The First Authentic Account of One of Poe's Most Interesting Friendships |journal=The Century Magazine |date=January 1903 |volume=LXV |issue=3 |pages=435–447}} The second contains the section titled "Golden Letters" and notes Chivers's manuscript dedication to Shelley: "To the Eternal Spirit of the Immortal Shelley, this work is now most Solemnly dedicated, by one who longs to enjoy his company in Elysium".{{cite journal |last1=Woodberry |first1=George Edward |author1-link=George Edward Woodberry |title=The Poe-Chivers Papers: The First Authentic Account of One of Poe's Most Interesting Friendships |journal=The Century Magazine |date=February 1903 |volume=LXV |issue=4 |pages=545–558}}

File:Lewis Chase, c.1919.jpg began researching Chivers's manuscripts in the 1920s]]

In 1927, California Institute of Technology visiting professor Lewis Chase began exploring the Poe-Chivers Papers at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California.{{cite news |title=Dr. Chase Praised by Pasadena Paper |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/riverside-daily-press-dr-chase-praised/151210999/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |work=Riverside Daily Press |date=June 9, 1927 |page=4 |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712215823/https://www.newspapers.com/article/riverside-daily-press-dr-chase-praised/151210999/ |url-status=live }} Chase had originally intended to focus on Poe, but began to research Chivers instead: he later started a collection of the writer's papers at the libraries at Duke University and began editing his collected works with S. Foster Damon (Chase's wife Emma Chase finished the work).{{cite journal |last1=Hubbell |first1=Jay B. |author1-link=Jay B. Hubbell |title=Thomas Holley Chivers: His Literary Career and His Poetry by Charles Henry Watts II |journal=South Atlantic Quarterly |date=1 April 1957 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=261–262 |doi=10.1215/00382876-56-2-261}}

The papers at the Huntington Library were once again consulted when Richard Beale Davis began his research into Chivers.{{rp|19}} Davis was a professor of English who had worked at the University of South Carolina and the University of Tennessee. He had published three books prior to 1952,{{cite journal |last1=Lemay |first1=Leo |author1-link=Leo Lemay |title=Obituary: Richard Beale Davis |journal=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society |date=1981 |volume=91 |issue=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-antiquarian-society-proceedings_1981-10-21_91_2 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |page=173}} as well as various journal articles and reviews within the field of Poe studies.{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Richard Beale |author1-link=Richard Beale Davis |title=Poe and William Wirt |journal=American Literature |date=1944 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=212–220 |jstor=2921065 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2921065 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |issn=0002-9831 |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710232414/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2921065 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Richard Beale |author1-link=Richard Beale Davis |title=Review of The Histrionic Mr. Poe |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |date=1949 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=439–441 |jstor=4245662 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4245662 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |issn=0042-6636}}{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Richard Beale |author1-link=Richard Beale Davis |title=Review of Edgar Poe and His Critics |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |date=1950 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=270–271 |jstor=4245708 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4245708 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |issn=0042-6636}}

According to Davis, the "New Life of Edgar Allan Poe" manuscripts were in a state of disorganisation when he consulted them:

{{Blockquote

|text=The writing appears on several kinds of paper. Many of the longer and more finished sections cover long foolscap sheets, once white. Even over sections of these, however, have been pasted slips on which appear second-thought sentences or paragraphs. Other material inserted (by Chivers himself) in these larger "completed" units is on small blue correspondence paper. And there are still smaller half-sheets and loose slips closely written. Markings and crossings through and insertions are frequent in most of the work.{{rp|19}}

}}

As such, he rearranged the manuscripts into an order which he felt made the most sense.{{rp|18}}

Chivers' Life of Poe, as edited by Richard Beale Davis, is split into twelve sections with an introduction and explanatory notes by the editor. Davis begins the introduction with an explanation of the relationship between Chivers and Poe before discussing the research and writing of Chivers's "New Life of Edgar Allan Poe".

In the first section, "Preliminary Remarks", Chivers lays out his intentions for writing the biography. He republishes a poem by R. S. Nichols titled "The Dead Year" and explains that he does not intend to ignore Poe's struggles with alcohol or cover up his vices. At several points, he directly responds to critics of Poe, including Phillip Pendleton Cooke and Griswold: he attacks the latter's memoir and insults his general intellect. The second section, titled "Birth, Life and Death", contains a brief biographical account of Poe's life, covering everything from his schooling, to his career as a writer, to his death. This is followed immediately by the "Golden Letters" section (seen in Woodberry's second article), a short description of the first correspondence between Poe and Chivers, and a narrative account of their interactions in New York City (seen in Woodberry's first article).

The book continues with the sixth section, "Poe's Personal Appearance", which was also published in Woodberry's first article. Chivers continues this section with a further account of meeting Poe in New York City alongside magazine editor Lewis Gaylord Clark. The next section, "Virginia and Alcohol", contains an 1848 letter from Poe to George Washington Eveleth and an excerpt from a Southern Literary Messenger article by Cooke concerning Poe's last visit to Richmond, Virginia. The eighth section directly attacks Griswold in his role as Poe's literary executor and contains an edited version of a letter by Poe's mother-in-law Maria Clemm, which points out errors in Griswold's memoir.

Chivers continues his biography with a section of literary criticism titled "Poe as Poet", which republishes the poems "To Helen" and "The Departed". Alongside these, he accuses Poe of plagiarising his own work. The next section, "Poe's Tales", praises his short stories "Eleonora" and "Shadow - A Parable". The eleventh section is titled "Poe's Criticism" and contains excerpts from Poe's published reviews in the Broadway Journal and Graham's Magazine. The biography ends with "Analysis of his Genius", which discusses Poe's apparent views on art, philosophy, and poetry. It concludes with a critique of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow compared to Poe.

The book was published as Chivers' Life of Poe by E. P. Dutton and Company on February 28, 1952. It was one of several books published by the company to celebrate its centennial.{{cite news |title=UT Professor's Book on Poe Goes on Sale Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-journal-ut-professors-boo/149696254/ |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=The Knoxville Journal |date=February 28, 1952 |page=2 |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620143241/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-journal-ut-professors-boo/149696254/ |url-status=live }} The first edition was limited to 1500 copies.{{rp|1}}

Writing together in The Journal of Southern History, Lois Ferry Parks and Emma Chase praised and criticised what they referred to as Davis's "splendid job of editing". They said that he was able to make a "reasonable narrative" from Chivers's manuscripts and that his notes were "for the most part textually correct and yet unobtrusive", but also noted a range of transcription and factual errors made by the editor. Overall, however, they argued that "the mistakes noted are of minor concern".{{cite journal |last1=Parks |first1=Lois Ferry |last2=Chase |first2=Emma |title=Review: Chivers' Life of Poe |journal=The Journal of Southern History |date=1952 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=549–551 |doi=10.2307/2955247 |jstor=2955247 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955247 |access-date=June 23, 2024 |issn=0022-4642 |archive-date=June 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623213843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955247 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}

Southern literature scholar Robert D. Jacobs wrote that Davis was "an experienced and capable scholar" and said that the book's introductions and notes would be easy for both academics and the general reader to follow.{{cite news |last1=Jacobs |first1=Robert D. |author1-link=Robert D. Jacobs |title=Poe as Seen by a Fellow Craftsman |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-sun-poe-as-seen-by-a-fellow/149697158/ |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=The Evening Sun |date=July 22, 1952 |page=16 |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710161641/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-sun-poe-as-seen-by-a-fellow/149697158/ |url-status=live }} Writing in the Chicago Tribune, Walter Harding said that general readers might find Davis's editorial work "a little annoying at times".{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Walter |author1-link=Walter Harding |title=Trying to Understand Poe's Weakness |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-trying-to-understand-poe/149698331/ |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=March 16, 1952 |at=Part 4, p. 3 |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620143243/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-trying-to-understand-poe/149698331/ |url-status=live }}

Arthur H. Quinn at the University of Pennsylvania wrote in American Literature that the book contains several factual errors relating to Poe's early life, but dismisses this as "not by any means Chivers's fault". He discussed how misunderstandings in Chivers's writing create a "distrust of his evidence", giving the example of Poe's letter to George Washington Eveleth concerning the cause of his drinking. Quinn questioned the need to publish the manuscripts at all and suggested doing so may revive scandals related to the relationship between Poe and Frances Sargent Osgood.

The Virginia Quarterly Review described the book as "untrustworthy as evidence about Poe", but recommended it as a way of understanding Chivers.{{cite journal |title=Notes on Current Books |journal=The Virginia Quarterly Review |date=1952 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=lxiv–lxxviii |jstor=26439419 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26439419 |issn=0042-675X |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623213842/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26439419 |url-status=live }} Los Angeles Times literary critic Paul Jordan-Smith referred to it as "a bad biography", but suggested it would help students understand views contemporary to Poe.{{cite news |last1=Jordan-Smith |first1=Paul |author1-link=Paul Jordan-Smith |title=Books and Authors |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-books-and-authors/149696958/ |access-date=June 23, 2024 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 6, 1952 |at=Part IV, p. 5 |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620143244/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-books-and-authors/149696958/ |url-status=live }} University of Virginia professor Armistead C. Gordon Jr. said that Chivers's biography was "a patchwork of inconsistencies, vague theorizing, and patronizing connection".{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Armistead C., Jr. |title=On Poe's Coattail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/06/22/archives/on-poes-coattail-chivers-life-of-poe-edited-with-an-introduction-by.html |access-date=July 12, 2024 |work=New York Times |date=June 22, 1952 |at=BR, p. 4 |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620143243/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/06/22/archives/on-poes-coattail-chivers-life-of-poe-edited-with-an-introduction-by.html |url-status=live }}

{{reflist}}

Category:1952 non-fiction books

Category:Cultural depictions of Edgar Allan Poe

Category:E. P. Dutton books

Category:Books published posthumously